Intro to animal science production

Final exam

animals being transported may not be contained in a vehicle for more than…

28 hours without being unloaded and given feed and water and being allowed to rest.

Lairage

Resting areas in a packing plant where animals are contained until slaughter.

Sheep breeds for wool

Merino and Rambouillet

Merino

Most dominant breed in industry world wide

• very fine fleeces

• hardy, long-lived sheep

• Typically, smaller and slower growing

Rambouillet

• Larger and faster growing than merino

• dominant range ewe in western U.S. and TX

• developed by kind louis XVI

crossbred wool breed (sheep)

Columbia

• crossbreed between Lincoln rams and Rambouillet rams

• Largest of crossbred breeds

• Coarser wool than rambouillets

Sheep breeds for meat

Hampshire, southdown, Suffolk,

Hampshire sheep

• sired for rapid growth and muscularity

• one of most popular sire breeds

southdown sheep

• one of oldest breeds

• lightweight carcasses

• low-maintenance breed

Suffolk sheep

• very old breed used as sire

• rapid growth

• produce lean, muscular carcasses

Angora goat

• produces mohair (world’s finest most valuable hair)

• hair gets courser as they age

Boer goat

• south african breed

• hardy, fast growing, high carcass quality

• good spring of rib, body length, and muscle tone

Spanish Goat

• Mostly kept for meat production

• also used for brush clearing purposes

• very hardy

Nubian

• most popular breed of registered dairy goat in U.S.

• high butterfat, but doesn’t produce as much milk as other breeds.

intensive production systems

• farm flock operations

• lamb feedlot

extensive management systems

• southwestern range operations

• northwestern range operations

lamb feedlot

purchasing lambs and feeding them to a marketable weight

Southwestern range operations

• fine-wool type ewes

• produce high-quality fine-wool fleeces and fast-growing lambs

northwestern range operations

• greater abundance of feed than the southwest

goat production systems

• hair production

• meat production

• dairy goat production

Range

• ewes and nannies generally lamb/kid easily on the range without assistance

• genetics and nutrition are priorities to make sure problems with dystocia are minimized

Shed

• ewes and lambs/kids are brought into a barn and put in ‘jugs’ until they are properly bonded

• More labor and expenses in facilities are required

• allows for closer monitoring for health problems

Tail docking supplies

• knife

• elastrator

• emasculator

• electric docker

castration

• knife

• elastrator

• burdizzo

• all in one elastrator

crutching

shearing of wool from the reproductive area and mammory system of ewes before parturition

facing

shearing the wool from facial area to prevent obstruction of vision.

drenching and spraying

for the removal of external and internal parasites.

how do you age sheep and goats

by their teeth

charecteristics that are bred into sheep

• skeletal correctness

• frame

• wide chest and ribcage

• muscularity

• fleece

shearing

done in spring and takes 2-3 minutes

grading

sorting wool according to fineness and length

Packaging wool

each bale contains 500 lbs

wool storage

bales are sampled and processed to determine wool yield

manufacturing

sorted and cleaned before being processed into yarn

wool production steps

1) Shearing

2) Grading

3) packaging

4) storage

5) marketing

6) manufacturing

wool evaluation

wool classifies based on three main factors

• yield

• grade

• staple length

  can also include:

• uniformity

• color

how much milk do cows produce daily on average

6.3 gallons of milk daily

holstein

• dominate the industry

• black and white in color

• total milk solids% are lower

Jersey

• second in population

• ability to efficientlynconvert feed to milk

• total solids % highest of all breeds

Brown swiss

• 3rd most popular

• known for the ability to produce milk in hot climates

ayshire

• milk production midrange of all breeds

Guernsey

• deep yellow/golden milk due to beta carotene

Milking shorthorn

• high levels of fertility

• grazing efficiency, and ease of management

component pricing

premium for fat and low cell content

selection of dairy cows

40% udder

Udder traits

• udder depth

• teat placement

• udder cleft

• teats

• udder balance and texture

correct milking procedures

consistency in management and proper milking proceures are essential for profitable dairy production as well as meeting animal welfare

Mastitis

bacterial infection of the mammary tissue

Ketosis

caused by underfeeding, stress, other infections

displaced abomasum

when abomasum moves to an abnormal position

Milk fever

• muscle paralysis and prevents cows from standing

retained placenta

placenta not expelled after birth

prolapsed uterus

uterus muscles become weak during parturition process

tie -stall barns

tied to indivisual stalls during milking and the rest of the day released into pasture at night in summer

free-stall housing

allows cows to enter and leave as they wish. Feed bunk at center. Milked in tie-stalls or milking parlor.

calf care/ nutrition

starts within 24 hours of birth, weaned immediately.

lactating cows require…

high quality food to sustain good milk production.

swine gestation

115 days ( 3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days)

methods of identification in swine

• tags

• tattooing

• ear notching

factors affecting nutrient requirements of swine

• quality of diet

• breed, sex, genetics

• stage of developement

• amount of time to finish pig

Bos indicus

• humped zebu cattle of india/africa

• large dewlap and ears

• resistant to heat and some diseases

Bos Taurus

• more temperature climates

• hereford, shorthorn, angus

british cattle breeds

smaller in size and frame

continental breeds

• larger in size and frame

• have heavier muscling

seedstock

• provide replacement bulls for cow- calf operations

• focus more specifically on genetic improvements

cow-calf operations

farmers who maintain a breeding herd of mother cows that give birth to calves once a year.

weaning beef calves

weaned at 6-10 months old when they weigh between 450 and 700 pounds.

stocker and backgrounder operations

these producers purchase calves from cow-calf producer and care for them for approximately 5 months.

commercial operations

typically crossbred and sold to stocker operations and feedlots to produce beef.

how does beef get from farm to plate

1) purebred producers

2) Cow-calf operations

3) Feeder calf producers

spring or fall calving?

fall calving herds are typically born lighter and spring calves are more likely to be heavier, especially after a long and hard winter.

weather affects producers selection of cattle breeding because of…

forage and feed availability

beef cow identification

• ear tagging

• ear tattooing

• branding

chick

newborn

pullet

young, immature female chicken less than 5-6 months of age

Hen

mature female chicken

rooster

mature male chicken

capon

castrated male

layer

hen used for laying eggs

broiler

chicken utilized for meat production

oviposition

laying of an egg by a bird

leghorn

• white chicken

• white eggshell

• most numerous breed

Rhode island red

• eggshell color is brown

• meat and eggs

New hampshire

meat production

(barred) plymouth rock

• eggshell color is brown

• meat and eggs

• handles cold climates well

vertical integration

many segments of the poultry industry, these segments are interlinked, often owned by the same company. Allows for maximum control of products produced, think of like a ladder.

starter

feed for chicks, very protein dense

grower

feed for birds from six to twenty weeks, less protein and calcium

Finisher

Dense in protein to encourage muscle growth, given to birds in the final weeks before they go off to market.

layer feed

same protein as grower feed but more calcium to support eggshell development.

breeding hens and roosters are kept under tight biosecurity on breeder farms to…

produce fertile hatching eggs

How many days until chicks hatch

after 21 days

chicken processing

• vaccination

• sexing

• infra-red beak and nail trimming

• delivered to farm within 12 hours

grow out farms

where independent farmers raise them to market weight under contract with the company.

Are chickens injected with hormones?

No, even if we did it would not be conductive to production.

straight run

males and females housed with each other.

strategies to manage broiler breeder weight includes…

skip a day feeding or feeding animals high-fiber foods.

egg production statistics

300 eggs per year

The egg

• the egg takes 23-27 hours to form and be laid

• The part where egg is developed is the oviduct

chicken uterus

• egg spends approximately 20 hours in the uterus

• most of shell formation takes place at night