MAT: Textiles and Leather

from quizlet (ongoing edit)

Textile

Any material made of interlacing fibers

Fabric

Any material made through the various processes such as weaving, knitting, crocheting, or bonding

Cloth

Refers to the finished piece of fabric that can be used or varying purposes such as bedcover

Durability

Related to flexibility; Fabric is evaluated according to how it is able to withstand wear, pressure, and/or damage due to friction

Tenacity

Refers to the tensile strength; Pertains to how well the fabric can stretch without breaking

Elongation

A fabric's stretching ability; A fabric is tested as to what degree it can stretch without breaking

Absorbency

How well the fabric can absorb or retain moisture; Important since moisture absorption helps avoid static build up

Hydrophilic

A type of absorbency where fabric absorbs moisture readily

Hydrophobic

A type of absorbency where fabric repels water, this does not absorb moisture, creating bubbles on the surface

Hygroscopic

A type of absorbency where fabric absorbs moisture without feeling wet

Resiliency

Refers to the fabric's elasticity; fabric's ability to return to its original shape after wear and tear

Fiber

Basic element of the textile; Fine, hair-like strands, categorized by length

Staple Fiber

Short fibers, randomly arranged; Loosely twisted resulting in soft yarns; All natural fibers except silk (CM/IN)

Filament Fiber

Long and continuous; Tightly twisted result in smooth and strong fibers; All synthetic fibers because of how they're made (spinneret), but can be cut to staple fibers (M/YRD)

Yarn

Twisted fibers to make a long strand

Spun Yarns

A type of yarn where staple fibers are twisted together

Bulk Continuous Filament

What does BCF stand for?

Filament Yarns

A type of yarn where continuous strands are made from a spinneret (synthetic fibers) or from silk; Referred to as Bulk Continuous Filament (BCF)

Natural

A classification of fiber from animal, plant, or minerals; Animal and plant based fibers are susceptible to the forces of nature

Synthetic

A classification of fiber that is man-made; Mostly modern (made in the 20th c.); Mostly thermoplastic, melts and softens when heated

Cotton

A type of plant fiber that comes from the balls of a plant that grows in warm climates; One of the durable and densest fibers but is flammable and easily wrinkled

cotton

known for comfort and usually combined with polyester

Shiny Cotton

An end type of cotton that is processed to resemble satin; Has a hydrophobic nature

Organic Cotton

An end type of cotton that is dependent on how the plant is grown; Has to be grown with no presence of any chemical pesticides and fertilizers

Green Cotton

An end type of cotton that applies to how fibers are processed; Only washed with mild soap not bleached

Carded Cotton

A process of cotton that undergoes a machine that disentangles, cleans, and intermixes fibers to produce continuous silver for processing; It removes the impurities and readies the fibers for spinning

Combed Cotton

A process of cotton that is done to further refine cotton fibers done after the carding process; It separates short and long fibers, and strengthens the curls in fibers resulting in strength and smoothness; A higher form than carded cotton

Upland Cotton

A kind of cotton known as Mexican Cotton, the most widely planted species of cotton in the world; Short to medium stable fibers and is said to be the third best quality cotton

Long Staple Cotton

A kind of cotton with fine and long fibers that are spin to create softer, silkier, and more durable cotton fabrics; Less prone to limiting and shedding

Pima Cotton

A kind of long staple cotton that originated in Peru and said to be the second best cotton quality in the world

Supima

What is the trademarked brand of Pima cotton?

Egyptian Cotton

A type of long staple cotton that is known to be the best cotton in the world as it has the ability to absorb liquid, giving fabrics deeper, brighter, and more resistant color; Can reach up to 1000 threads per square inch

Giza cotton

finer known Egyptian cotton

Kapok

A kind of cotton derived from the seed pod of a Java tree; Very brittle and weak, cannot be spun into a fiber; Used as stuffing for pillows and cushions; Lightweight and non-absorbent; Can support up to 30x it's weight in water

Flax

A kind of cotton that is the oldest vegetable fiber woven into fabric; Reflects heat better than cotton, holds the color longer, can be bleached, more resistant to mildew, does not lint and resist fraying; Non-elastic, tends to be brittle, wrinkles and creases easily; Used for table linens, draperies, slipcovers

Linen

Fabric made from flax; Less soft and absorbent than cotton but more resistant to mildew; Extremely strong, virtually non-elastic, but winkles and creases easily

Jute

A kind of cotton that resembles flax, but stem is made from the stem and stalk of a plant which primarily grows in India; Fiber is long and stable but lints and wrinkles easily; Mainly used for carpet & linoleum backing

Burlap

Made from jute fiber; Has excellent resistance to microorganisms and insects

Hemp

A kind of cotton that comes from the stem of the Cannabis Sativa plant located in the temperate zone; Coarse fiber used in ropes and sacks

Hemp

originally used to make canvass as derived from cannabis

Manila Hemp

A kind of cotton also known as Abaca; Derived from the Musa textilis plant; For matting and durable cordage (finest rope); Very strong with great luster, very resistant to damage from salt water

Ramie

A kind of cotton that is an inexpensive fiber from an East Asian plant also known as China Grass or Grass Linen; Strong with natural luster, resists bacteria and molds, very absorbent but dries quickly, 3-5x stronger than cotton, can be thin like linen or thick like canvas; Non-elastic, stiff, and brittle; Usually blended with softer fibers such as cotton and rayon

Natural Rubber

Discovered in 1920 when latex can be extruded into fiber; High elasticity, flexible, impermeable to water and air; Loses its strength through age and deteriorates in sunlight

Jusi

A kind of cotton originally made from abaca or banana leaves, modern version— mix of pina and silk fibers; Stronger than piña and is used for formal settings

Piña

A kind of cotton from the leaves of a pineapple plant; Can be pure or combined with other fibers like jusi, silk, and polyester; Lightweight, easy to care for, elegant appearance like linen; usually handloomed

Wool

An animal fiber sheared from domesticated animals with color varies from pale to dark brown; Contains lanolin (but removed during processing); Exceptional resiliency, burns slowly, good flexibility (can be reshaped by steaming or pressing)

Wool

An animal fiber with good resistance against abrasion, is antiseptic; Susceptible to insects, no resistance to alkalis (detergents); Can be blended with other fibers; Remains the standard compared to synthetic versions

Merino Wool

A variety of wool from Merino sheep; Finer and thinner than average wool; Softer, less itchy, more flexible, very strong, naturally elastic, cool, breathable, and moisture-wicking, and has superior shine; Pure white color but accepts dyes well

Merino

best quality but not the most expensive wool

Shetland Wool

A variety of wool from Shetland sheep; Has the gloss and softness of silk, strength of cotton, whiteness of linen, & warmth of wool; Cultivated from their soft undercoat; Thicker fibers than merino but lighter in weight; Limited quantities in natural colors

Virgin Wool

A variety of wool finest and softest fleece comes from a lamb's first sheering (6-7 months old); Smooth, strong, flexible, breathable, helps regulate body temperature, resists dust mites, and hypoallergenic; Excellent for blankets & beddings

Virgin Wool

A grade of wool hat has not been previously processed

Ordinary Wool

A grade of wool that may include reclaimed scraps from knots, broken threads, and other sources; Regular type of wool

Recycled Wool

A grade of wool that reuses shredded new wool or felted scraps

Worsted Wool

A grade of wool that is high quality and more expensive than other grades because of the production process; Made with longer fibers; Stronger, finer, smoother, very resilient, easily returns to its original shape, not prone to wrinkling; Areas with a lot of wear and tear turns shiny or glossy

Hair

An animal fiber derived from camel, goat, mohair, alpaca, llama, the vicuña, and horsehair

Vicuña

What is the rarest type of hair?

Cashmere

A type of hair obtained from the soft undercoats of the [; Finer, stronger, lighter, and 3x more insulating than wool; Labor, characteristics, and process makes it more expensive than wool

Pashmina

A fine type of Cashmere shorn from the undercoat of Himalayan Mountain Goats; Finer and thinner fibers than cashmere and is lighter in weight but warmer; Thin fibers, usually handwoven process, and has a gauzy or open weave' Thinness cannot tolerate high tension so it's often blended with silk or wool; Light, soft, exceptionally warm

Shahtoosh

A type of hair from the Tibetan Antelope (Chiru); Finer than human hair yet very warm; Weighs almost nothing but as warm as a comforter; "Ring Scarf" - thin enough to pass through a ring; Banned because Chirus are endangered animals

Mohair

A type of hair from the Angora Goat; Durable, resilient, takes dyes well, excellent insulation properties, moisture wicking, naturally elastic, flame resistant, and crease resistant; Notable for its high luster and sheen (diamond fiber); More expensive than wool

Silk

A type of animal fiber from the cocoon of a silkworm; Most beautiful of all fibers because of its natural luster; Each filament is 600 yards long on average; Strongest natural fiber, wrinkle resistant, strong affinity to dyes, burns slowly; Fragile and discolors in strong light, deteriorates from bleaches and acids, subject to mildew and rot, hiking

Hiking

A condition when fabric swells when damp, and shrinks when dry

Organzine or Throw Silk

A grade of silk that is the finest cultured and made from the longest filaments

Tram, Spunsilk, or Bourette

A grade of silk that uses shorter or broken strands and have less luster and sheen

Tussah

A grade of silk that is woven from wild, uncultivated silkworks; Naturally tan in color, cannot be bleached, and has a rougher texture than cultivated silk; For weaving rougher textiles— Pongee, Shikj, Shantung

Dupplion/Duppioni

A grade of silk that comes from fiber formed by two silk worms that spun their cocoons together in an interlocking manner; Yarn is uneven like linen, irregular, and larger than regular filaments

Thai Silk

A grade of silk produced from the cocoons of Thai silkworms; One of the finest fabrics in the world and is a product of a unique manufacturing process, with the end product coming out with unique colors and patterns

Asbestos

A mineral fiber with fluffy strands, generally blended with cotton to form a textile; Completely fireproof; Fibers are insoluble and have barbed edges; Illegal to use because it causes lung cancer when inhaled

Metal Fibers

A fiber with threads of silver, gold, copper— often for filmy casements or wall hangings

Lame

is a type of fabric woven or knit with threads made of metallic fiber wrapped around natural or synthetic fibers like silk, nylon, or spandex for added strength and stretch.

Rayon

A cellulosic fiber known as the first synthetic fiber derived from pithy sections of plant stalks; Also known as the Poor Man's Silk or Artificial Silk; Frequently blended with cotton or wool and often used as the backing of velvet

Viscose Rayon

A type of rayon that blends well with other fibers; Absorbent, dyes readily, has reasonable light and abrasion resistance; Not particularly strong, loses strength when wet, subject to mildew and rot when exposed to sunlight, low resilient, and wrinkles easily

Acetate

A cellulosic fiber developed by the Celanese Corp; A compound of cellulose acetate that is generally heat-treated against wrinkling and does not shrink; Woven into expensive textiles like Satins, Failles, Crepes, Brocades, and Damask; Thermoplastic fiber, easily damaged by heat and easily wrinkled

Tri-Acetate

A cellulosic fiber developed by the Celanese Corp; Almost pure cellulose acetate and has good resiliency as a fiber; Processed differently that results in a fiber of greater stability and abrasion resistance; Heat treated and crisp finish; Can be used for permanent pleats, texture knits and tricots

Nylon

A non-cellulosic fiber developed by E.I. Dupont de Nemours and Co. in 1939; Strongest of all fibers that requires petroleum, natural gas, air, and water; High elasticity, good elongation and recovery properties, high resiliency, good abrasion resistance, does not absorb oil and air-borne dirt, easily dyed and washable, and repels fungus, mildew, and mold; Deteriorates when exposed to sunlight; Popular for carpets

Acrylic

A non-cellulosic fiber developed by DuPont Co. in 1950; Derived from coal, air, water, petroleum, and limestone; Resistant to sunlight, oil and airborne dirt, durable, abrasion resistant, mildew and moth proof, accepts dyes well, and lightweight; Knitted into pile fabrics or blended with polyester or nylon

Modacrylic

A non-cellulosic fiber developed by the Union Carbide in 1949; Derived from gas, coal, air, salt, and water; Easily dyed, washable, resistant to acids and alkalis, and flame-resistant; Used for draperies and casement cloths

Olefins

A non-cellulosic fiber developed by the Hercules Inc. in 1961 from a by-product of petroleum; Popular use for carpet fiber because of its resistance to stains and lack of static generation

Polypropylene

A type of olefin fiber widely used in the commercial market; Lightest synthetic fiber and has excellent elastic recovery; Does not absorb moisture or air-borne dirt; Resistant to mildew, rots, moths, and vermin

Polyester

A non-cellulosic fiber that is a derivative of coal, air, water, and petroleum; Resistant to air and oil borne dirt, low moisture absorbency, wrinkle and crease resistant, high strength and resiliency, abrasion resistant, washable, easy to maintain; Usually made into fine voile-like casement fabrics or knitted into upholstery-weight suede cloth; Frequently blended with other fibers

Glass Fiber

A non-cellulosic fiber also known as Fiberglass (trade name); Inherently resistant to flame, strong, does not absorb moisture, and dyes well; Low abrasion resistance and allows flexibility of weave - lacy, semi opaque, or light textured weaves

Polyamide Nylon

A non-cellulosic chemical fiber that outperforms existing synthetics in washability, wrinkle and shrink resistance, and ease of care; Resembles silk in luster, weight, color, feel, and drapability but can be iron at high heat

Saran

A non-cellulosic fiber used for outdoor furniture upholstery and screening; Unaffected by sunlight, easy to care, wrinkle and abrasion resistant, high crease retention, dyes well; Usually blended with thin or modacrylic

Spandex

A manufactured non-cellulosic elastomeric fiber that can be stretched 500% without breaking; Can be permanently pressed, soil resistant, washable, does not discolor; Blends with most fabrics

Aramids

A non-cellulosic fiber marketed under the trade names of Nomex or Kevlar; Alkalis, acids, and solvents have no effect on them; High temperature resistant and are difficult to dye

Nomex

An aramid that is high temperature-resistant used mostly as firefighters' suit and space suits

Kevlar

An aramid that is high temperature-resistant and is stronger than comparably sized steel; Used in bullet-resistant vests

Microfibers

A non-cellulosic fiber that is finer than silk; Made from polyesters and polyamides; Softness, toughness, absorption, water repellency, electrostatics, and filets ring capabilities depend on the shape, size, and blend with other fibers; For interior use designed to repel wetting and stains

Felting

A method of fabric formation by matting together of fibers to form a web by moisture, pressure, and heat

Films

A method of fabric formation produced in sheet forms through extrusion trough a wide die, forming in molds or rolling between rollers

Knitting

A method of fabric formation that utilizes machinery wherein blunt rods or needles are used to form a single continuous yarn into a series of interlocking loops

Wales

Consists of vertical rows of stitches

Courses

Horizontal rows of stitches

Plain Stitches

A knitting stitch that produces a smooth face material

Rib Stitches

A knitting stitch that produces lines of wales on both sides of the fabric causing the fabric to be very elastic

Tuck Stitches

A knitting stitch that are formed by holding one loop on a needle while taking on one or more additional loops and then casting all of them onto another needle

Purl Stitches

A knitting stitch that have successive courses of stitches drawn to the opposite sides of the fabric

Circular Knit

A knit fabric construction made on a circular machine and produces a tubular fabric without seams

Ribbed Fabric

A knit fabric construction made with two sets of needles to give a ribbed or corrugated surface to the fabric