Religion Test PT2

What were the two main objectives of the First Crusade?

Aimed to recapture the Holy land and defend Eastern Christians from Terkish expansion- To commect East and West

Why did Pope Urban II believe Western aid was urgently needed?

Muslism controlled two-thirds of the Christian world and East was desperate for Help

What were the four main Crusader States established after the First Crusade?

Jeruselem, Antioch, 

Why was the fourth Crusade considered disastrous for Church Unity

Attacked Constantinople, worsening the split between East and West

What were two positive long-term outcomes of the crusades?

Cultural exchange with the East, improved technology, increased Curiosity and trade, protection from Turkish

What was Albigensianism, and why did the Church respond strongly to it?

Body was evil and rejected sacraments; it threatened Christian unity

How did the Papal Inquisitions differ from the Spanish Inquisitions?

Papal was Church-run

Spanish was State-run and harsher

Why have modern interpretations of the Inquisitions often been exaggerated?

Protestents used the printing press to exaggerate cruelty; real executions were far fewer thank later myths

What role did Eastern emperors play in the growing division leading to the Schism?

Eastern Emperors acted as religious authorities supported heresies and challenged papal authority

How did monastic life differ in the East compared to the West

Eastern monks were more secluded and scholarly, with less social influnce

What was the controversy involving icons and what did the council of Nicea II decide?

Iconoclasm accused icons of idolatry; NiciaII defended icons as worthy of venerationThe e

Why did the East reject the Filioque addition to the creed?

They believed the creed should not be changed and thought it altered trinitarian doctrine

What political event involving Charlemagne angered the Eastern Emperors?

Charelmagne’s crowning as Holy Roman Emperor angered Eastern emperors who viewed the Wast as Crowning ‘barbarians’

What actions did Patriarch Michael Cerularius take that provoked Rome?

Cerularius closed Latin churches and rejected Western practices

What occurred on July 6, 1054, and why was it significant

Mutial excommunications between cerularius and Humbert initiated the Great Schism

What effects did Pepin’s Donation have on the Church?

Created Papa; states, giving the Pope territorial and political authoirty

What were the Advantages and disadvantages of the Papal States?

Advantages: Independence, protection, missionary activity

Disadvantages: corruption, divided papal attention, political entanglements( Church and state became more blended)

Why was Charlemagne promote education and reform the Church?

Protected the Church and promoted Education but enforced harsh religious punishments

Why was Charlemagne seen as both a hero and a problematic ruler?

He established schools, improved clergy education, and promoted literacy (Carolingiam Renaissance)

What weakened the papacy after Charlemagne’s death?

Corrupt nobles and emperors controlled the papacy; popes were weak or short-lived

What were the new threats invading Europe after the Carolingian collapse?

Invaders including vikings muslims and slaves/magyars

How did Feudalism Function as a protective structure in medieval society?

Feudalism exchanged land for military protection and structured society around loyalty and service

How did Feudalism contribute to abuses such as simony and lay investures?

Secular rulers sold church offices (Simony) and appointed clergy (lay investures)

What is the doctrine of the Church’s Indefectibility and how was it tested during this era

Indefectibility means the Church cannot fail; corruption and scandal tested this belief

How did the East and West attempt to heal the Schism in modern times?

In 1965 Pope Paul VI and Patriarch Athenagoras lifted mutual excommunications; modern Ecumenism continues reconciliation