specific and non-specific immune responses

The sum of defense mechanisms protecting the body against foreign particles is called…?

Immunity

What are the two main types of immune response?

Non-specific (Innate) and Specific (Acquired)

The Non-specific immune response is the ___ line of defense.

1st line

The Specific immune response is the ___ line of defense.

2nd line

What are the four main components of Nonspecific IR?

Mechanical barriers, Chemical barriers, Microbial factor, and Cellular factors

What is an example of a mechanical barrier?

intact skin

A chemical barrier that prevents microbial colonization (e.g., in the stomach) is…?

Acidic PH

What antimicrobial enzyme is found in tears, nasal secretions, and saliva?

Lysozyme

What chemical barriers interfere with viral replication?

Interferons (IFNs)

What is the microbial factor that decreases microbial growth through competition?

Commensals (normal flora)

What are the main cellular factors of nonspecific IR?

Phagocytic cells and Natural Killer cells

What phagocytic cells circulate in the blood?

neutrophils and monocytes

What phagocytic cells reside in tissues?

macrophages and dendritic cells

What receptors on phagocytic cells recognize structures on microbes?

pattern recognition receptors

What are these microbial structures called?

pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

What is an example of a PAMP?

lipopolysaccharides

What is an example of a pattern recognition receptor?

Toll like receptors

Which phagocytic cells "preserve" antigen information to present to adaptive immunity?

Dendritic cells and macrophages

What are cells that present antigens to T and B lymphocytes called?

Antigen presenting cells (APC)

What granular lymphocytes perform extracellular killing in the innate response?

Natural Killer (NK) cells

What two key surface markers do NK cells express?

CD16 and CD56

Macrophages are released from bone marrow as immature…?

monocytes

Macrophages produce ___ (like IL-1) to help coordinate the immune response.

monokines

What phagocytic cells have Fc-R and C3b receptors?

Neutrophils

What is the 2nd step of phagocytosis (attraction)?

Chemotaxis

A phagosome fuses with a ___ to form a phagolysosome.

lysosome

What substances bind to foreign particles to make them more susceptible to phagocytosis?

Opsonin's

What are two main examples of opsonin's?

C3b and IgG

What cells are important in resistance to parasites?

Eosinophils

What cells reside in tissues and contain histamine granules to initiate anaphylaxis?

Mast cells

What are the 4 essential characteristics of the specific immune response?

Specificity, Memory, Distinguish self from non-self, and Additional protection

What type of immunity is mediated by B-Lymphocytes?

Humoral immunity

What type of immunity is mediated by T-lymphocytes?

Cell-mediated immunity

What are the central (primary) lymphoid organs?

Thymus and Bone marrow

Where do T cells mature?

Thymus

Where do B cells mature?

Bone marrow

What are examples of secondary lymphoid tissues?

Spleen, Lymph Nodes, and MALT

Upon stimulation, B cells differentiate into plasma cells and…?

memory cells

What do plasma cells do?

secrete antibodies

What is the antigen receptor on the surface of B cells?

monomeric IgM

T-lymphocytes differentiate into what two main populations?

CD4+ or CD8+

What is the common name for T cells with the CD4 co-receptor?

Helper T cells

What is the common name for T cells with the CD8 co-receptor?

Cytotoxic T cells

Helper T cells (CD4) are ___ MHC restricted.

Class II

Cytotoxic T cells (CD8) are ___ MHC restricted.

Class I

Which CD4 T-helper cell subset secretes IL-2 and IFN-γ for cell-mediated immunity?

Th1

Which CD4 T-helper cell subset secretes IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10 for humoral immunity?

Th2

Which T-helper subset produces IL-17 to attract neutrophils for mucosal immunity?

Th17

What cells inhibit T cell proliferation and prevent autoimmunity?

T-regs (T-regulatory cells)

How do Cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) kill target cells?

By releasing perforins and granzymes

NK cells are activated to kill target cells that are…?

lacking MHC class I molecules