AP Psych Final Exam Review Part 1

Erik Erikson

theory of psychosoical development- proposed 8 stages of psychosocial development across the lifespan

Lev Vygotsky

Theory- child development- emphasized how a childs mind grows through interactions with their physical enviorment.

Ivan Pavlov

theory of classical conditioning- how learning occurs through the association between stimuli and responses (dogs)

Abraham Maslow

Hierarchy of needs - focuses on the priority of some needs over others. Often visualized as a pyramid with needs nearer the base taking priority.

Sigmund Freud

Psychoanalytic theory- proposed that childhood sexuality and unconcious motivations influence personality

Jean Piget

Theory of cognitive development- childrens brains develop through a series of stages

Howard Gardner

Theory of Multiple intelligences- Proposed 8 intelligences (linguistic, mathmatical, musical, spatial, body kinestheitc, intrapersonal, interpersonal, and naturalist)

Perception

the process by which our brain organizes and inereprets sensory information enabling us to recognize objects and events as meaningful

Sensation

The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system recieve and represent stimulus energies from our enviroment

Peripheral Nervous System

The sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the body

Neuron

A nerve cell, the basic building block of the nervous system

Endocrine System

the body’s slow chemical communication system , a set of glands and fat tissue that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

Hormone

chemical messangers that are manufactured by endocrine glands, travel through the blood stream and effect other tissue

Psychoactive Drug

A chemical substance that alters the brain causing changes in perception and moods

Depressant

Drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

oppioids

oppium and it’s derivatives , they depress neural activity , temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

Neuroplasticity

the brains ability to change especially during childhood by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience

Circadian Rhythm

our biological clock, regular body rhythms (for examoke temprature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24 hour cycle

REM cycle

Rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as a paradoxical sleep because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active

Nature vs Nurture

The long standing contrevorsy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors as arising from the interaction of nature and nurture

Nervous system

the body’s speedy electrochemical communication network consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous system

cognition

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Gestalt

an organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaninguful wholes

Sensory adaptation

diminished sensativity as a consequence of constant stimulation

subliminal

below ones treshhold for concious awareness

sleep apnea

a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings

imprinting

the process by which certain animlas from strong attachemnts during early life