Anatomy Lab: Bones and Cartilage

skeleton subdivided into

axial and appendicular skeleton

axial skeleton

skull, vertebrae, ribs

appendicular skeleton

limbs, pectoral girdle, and pelvic girdle

bone marking indicate

1. joint forms with (other bones, muscles, tendons)

2. ligaments attach

3. where blood vessels and nerves pass

two bone classes

compact bone and spongy/ cancellous bone

compact bone

smooth and homogenous

spongy/ cancellous bone

has small trabeculae (bars) and lots of space

four major group of bones

long bone, short bone, flat bone, irregular bone

long bone

longer than they are wide; made mostly of compact bone (example: femur)

short bone

cube shaped; mostly spongy bone (example: tarsals/carpals)

flat bones

thin, 2 wafer-like layers of compact bone w/spongy bone in between (example: skull)

irregular bone

irregular shaped bones (example: vertebrae)

Epiphysis (Long bone structure)

end of bone (distal & proximal)

Periosteum (long bone structure)

covers the bone; Sharpey’s fiber from this penetrate the bone.

Articular cartilage (Long bone structure)

covers epiphyseal surface instead of periosteum

Epiphyseal plate (Long bone structure)

area of hyaline cartilage where longitudinal growth of bones occur (seen as epiphyseal line in adults)

Endosteum (long bone structure)

lines the shaft

Medullary cavity (long bone structure)

hollow central interior. Contains yellow bone marrow in adults, red bone marrow in infants

Yellow bone marrow

composed of adipose tissue (fat cells)

Red bone marrow

consists of immature red and white blood cells and stem cells. Used to produce blood cells

Osteon (Haversian system) (Microscopic View of Compact Bone)

central canal & all concentric lamellae with Haversian/central canal in center

Haversian/central canal - Microscopic View of Compact Bone

runs along length of bone; carries blood, lymph vessels & nerves

Canaliculus/canaliculi - Microscopic View of Compact Bone

tiny canals radiating outward from central canal (single canal = canaliculus). They connect the central canal to small chambers in the lamellae called lacunae

Osteocytes - Microscopic View of Compact Bone

mature bone cells found inside lacunae

Lacunae - Microscopic View of Compact Bone

small chambers that ‘house’ the mature bone cells (osteocytes)

Perforating/Volkmann’s canals - Microscopic View of Compact Bone

canals that run into compact bone and marrow cavity from the periosteum

Shin splits

dull ache in shin

Most causes of shin pain are classified as medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) Pain caused by

– Inflammation of the periosteum (periostitis)

– Inflammation of the perforating fibers

Contributing factors to MTSS include

Mechanical factors (flat feet, inversion of feet with impact exercises)

Cartilage named because of their

location in the skeleton

articular cartilage

covers bone ends of movable joints

costal cartilage

connecting ribs to sternum

laryngeal cartilage

construct the larynx

Tracheal & bronchial cartilage

reinforce passageways of respiratory system

nasal cartilage

supports nose

intervertebral discs cartilage

cushion bones of spine

three types of cartilage

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

Hyaline

found in nasal, articular, costal, tracheal/bronchial (air passages). Most skeletal cartilages are composed of this type.

Elastic

only found in external ear and epiglottis

Fibrocartilage

found in cartilage at knee joint, pubic symphysis, intervertebral

tuberosity- muscle and ligament attachment

large rounded projection; may be roughened

crest- muscle and ligament attachment

narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent

trochanter- muscle and ligament attachment

very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process (only on femur)

line- muscle and ligament attachment

narrow ridge on the bone; less prominent than a crest

tubercle- muscle and ligament attachment

small rounded projection of process

epicondyle- muscle and ligament attachment

raised area on or above the condyle

spine- muscle and ligament attachment

sharp, slender, often pointed projection

process- muscle and ligament attachment

any bony prominence

head- help form joints

bony expansion carried by a narrow neck

facet- help form joints

smooth, nearly flat articular surface

condyle- help form joints

rounded articular projection

ramus- help form joints

armlike bar of bone

groove - passage for blood vessels and nerves

furrow

fissure- passage for blood vessels and nerves

narrow, slit like opening

foreman- passage for blood vessels and nerves

round or oval opening through a bone

notch- passage for blood vessels and nerves

indentation at the edge of a structure

meatus

canal-like passageway

sinus

bone cavity, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane

fossa

shallow basin like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface