Protestant reformation

Anglicanism

The Church created by Elizabeth I to please both Protestants and Catholics; Church of England.

Anne Boleyn

Second wife of Henry VIII and mother of Elizabeth I; executed.

Byzantine Empire

Eastern continuation of the Roman Empire, capital was Constantinople (Istanbul), lasted until 1453.

Catholicism

Wealthy, powerful branch of Christianity; included indulgences, tithes, and corruption.

Diet of Augsburg

Meetings of German princes to resolve religious disputes. Led to Peace of Augsburg (1555), allowing princes to choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism.

Diet of Worms

1521—Luther refused to recant his 95 Theses before Charles V; declared a heretic and protected by German princes.

Faith Alone

Luther's belief that salvation comes from faith only, not from Church rituals or 'works.'

Ignatius of Loyola

Founded Jesuits; promoted daily devotion and wrote the Spiritual Exercises.

Johann Tetzel

Sold indulgences to pay debts and finance St. Peter's Basilica; symbol of Church corruption.

King Henry VIII

Formed the Church of England after being denied a divorce by the Pope; passed Act of Supremacy.

Lutheranism

Protestant branch started by Luther; emphasized faith alone and scripture as the only authority.

Martin Luther

German monk who criticized the Catholic Church in 95 Theses (1517); sparked the Protestant Reformation.

Medici Family

Wealthy banking family from Florence; patrons of the arts; helped spark the Renaissance.

Ottoman Empire

Overthrew Byzantine Empire; promoted trade in the Mediterranean; captured Constantinople (1453).

Peace of Augsburg (1555)

Allowed each German prince to choose between Lutheranism and Catholicism for his state.

Peasants' Revolt (1524-25)

Inspired by Luther's ideas, peasants revolted demanding rights; 100,000 died; Luther did not support it.

Protestation (1529)

Issued by Lutherans after Catholics overturned the right of princes to choose religion.

Secular Humanism

Focused on human value, potential, and reason over divine authority; core of Renaissance thought.

Protestant Reformation

Reform movement started by Luther criticizing the Catholic Church; led to new Christian denominations.

Act of Supremacy (1534)

Declared King Henry VIII the head of the Church of England, giving him religious and political power.

Catholic Reformation / Counter Reformation

Catholic Church's response to Protestant Reformation; included Council of Trent, Jesuits, and banned books.

Council of Trent (1545-63)

Church affirmed its authority; banned false indulgences; said faith + works needed for salvation.

Renaissance

Rebirth of classical knowledge (Greece/Rome); began in Italy; emphasized art, science, and humanism.

School of Athens

Painting by Raphael showing classical philosophers; example of secular humanism and Renaissance ideals.

Vernacular

Everyday language; opposed to Latin; Luther translated Bible into vernacular so people could read it themselves.

Luther's "Works"

Church-imposed actions (like indulgences and pilgrimages) Luther said were not necessary for salvation.

Why did the Renaissance begin in Italy?

Wealth, central location for trade, heritage from Roman Empire, home to Medici and other patrons of the arts.

On what grounds did Luther challenge the Church?

Church sold indulgences and taught salvation through works. Luther said salvation is by faith alone and based on the Bible.

What were the turning points of the Protestant Reformation?

95 Theses (1517), Diet of Worms (1521), Peasants' Revolt (1524-25), Council of Trent, Peace of Augsburg (1555).

How did Luther's challenge become political?

Printing press spread ideas, peasants revolted, German princes supported Luther to reduce Church power.

How did the English Reformation give power to the common man?

Henry VIII broke from Rome, expanded Parliament's role, sold Church land to commoners, supported rising democracy.

What values are seen in Renaissance art/lit?

Humanism, secularism, realism, individualism; ex: School of Athens.

How did the Catholic Church respond to Luther?

Counter Reformation: Council of Trent, Jesuits, excommunication, Index of Forbidden Books, Inquisition.