Lab Practical FAU BSC2085L

Anatomical Position

the body standing upright, with the feet at shoulder width and parallel, toes forward. The upper limbs are held out to each side, and the palms of the hands face forward

Anterior

front in humans

Posterior

back in humans

Superior

toward head

inferior

toward tail

Proximal

closer to point of orgin

Distal

more distant (further away) from point of orgin

Medial

closer to midline

Lateral

further away from midline

superficial

structures closer to surface of body

deep

further away from the surface

Axial skeleton

skull, rib cage, sternum and vertebral column

appendicular skeleton

limbs, clavicle, scapula, hip bone (coxal)

midsaggital plane

divides body or body part into equal left and right sections

parasaggital plane

divides body or body part into unequal right and left sections

Frontal Plane

divides body or body part into anterior and posterior sections

transverse plane

divides body or body part into superior and inferior sections

cranial cavity

within skull; protects brain

vertebral cavity

within vertebral column; protects spinal cord

thoracic cavity

upper torso, contains heart and lungs

abdominopelvic cavity

contains both the abdominal and pelvic cavities

pleural cavity

surrounds lungs

Mediastinum

between pleural cavities; houses heart, great vessels, trachea (windpipe), and esophagus

pericardial cavity

within mediastinum; within serous membrane that surrounds heart

peritoneal cavity

surrounds the abdominal organs

visceral layer

tissue that covers organs in thoracic cavity

parietal layer

outermost layer, lines cavity walls

Plasma membrane

barrier that surrounds cells

nucleus

houses nucleous and DNA

phospholipid bilayer

thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules

simple diffusion

small, nopolar molecules that pass-through phospholipid bilayer without the help of membrane proteins

facilitated diffusion

molecules cross phospholipid bilayer with help of membrane protein

Osmosis

passive process; water moves across membrane from a area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration

interphase

period of growth and preperation for cell division

G1 phase

initial growth phase

S phase

DNA synthesis (replication)

G2 phase

last cellular growth and centrioles are duplicated

Mitosis

newly replicated genetic material is divided between two daughter cells (prophase, metaphase,anaphase, telophase)

cytokenesis

cytosol (water based cytoplasm) is divided between two daughter cells

Prophase

DNA condenses into chromosomes and sister chromatids are joined at centomere

Metaphase

Spindle fibers from oppisite poles of cell arrange sister chromatids into line along middle (equator) of cell

Anaphase

sister chromatids (copies of DNA molecule) pulled toward oppisite poles

Telophase

As daughter cells seperate, nuculear envelope is reassembled and chromosomes uncoil, decondense

Loose connective tissue

mostly ground substance in space surrounding cells

dense connective tissue

mostly protien fibers; three classes: irregular, regular, and regular elastic

hyaline cartilage

most abundant cartilige, mostly ground substance

fibrocartilige

filled with bundles of collagen fibers; little room for ground substance in ECM, found in the invertebrail discs

elastic cartilage

mostly fibers in ECM, found in the ear

hypodermis

deepest layer of skin under the dermis (consists of adipose tissue/fat)

Epidermal layers in order

stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale

stratum corneum

outermost layer, dead flattened keratinocytes

stratum lucidum

narrow layer of clear, dead keratinocytes; found only in thick skin (palms of hands and soles of feet)

stratum granulosum

three to five layers of cells; prominent cytoplasmic granules with keratin bundles or lipid-based substance

stratum spinosum

close to blood supply so cells in this layer are alive and mitotically active, Contains dendritic (Langerhans) cells

stratum basale

single layer of stem cells, most mitotically active layer, contains melanocyes and merkel cells (sensory receptors)

thin skin

only contains four epidermal layers (no stratum lucidum)

papillary layer

thin outermost layer of the dermis, below the epidermis

reticular layer

deep thicker layer; seperates dermis from hypodermis; mostly dense irregular connective tissue, contains lamellated corpuscles, blood vessels, sweat glands, hairs, sebaceous glands, adipose tissue

sebaceous glands

produce oily sebum that empties into hair follicule or small pore

long bone

longer than they are wide (includes most bones in arms and legs)

short bones

roughly cube shaped or about aslong as they are wide (includes bones of wrist or carpals and ankle or tarsals)

flat bones

thin and broad bones (include ribs, pelvis, sternum (breastbone), and most skull bones

irregular bones

do not fit into other classes because of irregular shapes (vertebrae)

sesamoid bones

specialized bones located within tendons; usally small, flat, and oval-shaped (patella)

medullary cavity

hollow space in diaphysis that contains red or yellow bane marrow and lined by the endosteum

red bone marrow

produces blood cells

yellow bone marrow

stores fat

compact bone

hard outer layer of bones that provide strength and protection, made of osteons, contains blood vessels

spongy bone

trabeculae found at ends of long bone and inside epiphyses

Osteoblasts

Bone building cells

Osteoclasts

bone breakdown cells

axial skeleton

Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column

appendicular skeleton

movement, support, and muscle attachment (limbs)

vertebraral column

protects spinal cord

pectoral girdle

clavicle and scapula

pelvic girdle

ilium, ischium, pubis

Abdominal regions

Axillary

armpit

Hallux

Big toe

Pedal region

top of foot (below big toe to ankle)

sural region

back of lower leg/calf

popiteal region

behind knee

Layers of epidermis

Stratum corneum, stratum lucidium, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale

Parts of nail

Parts of Skin

cranial bones

Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

tarsal bones

Calcaneus, Talus, Navicular, Cuboid, lateral cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, medial cuneiform

Mitosis stages

Interphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis