Bio chapter 5 study guide

tissue definition

groups of similar cells that have a common function

epithelial tissue and example

covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs, body cavities, ducts and forms glands.

ex. skin, inside of kidneys

connective tissue and example

protects and supports the body, binds organs together, and stores energy,

ex. fat, blood, cartilage

muscle tissue NOT A CONNECTIVE TISSUE and example

generates force to move body structures; includes skeletal muscles, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle that forms the walls of hollow organs

ex esophagus and intestines

nervous tissue and example

carries messages from one part of the body to another

ex. brain, spinal cord, nerves

apical

internal space (inside of the stomach)

basal

base- attached to tissue underneath

6 functions of the epithelium

1. physical protection- protect exposed surfaces

2. secretion- glands secrete mucus, sweat, hormones BODY KEEPS IT

3. absorption- absorb needed substances from digestive system

4. filtration- controls permeability of blood vessels, kidneys produce urine

5. excretion- carbon dioxide from the lungs, kidneys filter blood BODY GETS RID OF

6. provide sensation- touch, smell, taste, sight, equilibrium, and hearing

tight junction

two cell membranes are held together by interlocking membrane proteins

impermeable- nothing gets though

gap junction

two cells are held together by connexons

channel proteins, so they allow movement of substances between cells

desmosome

two cells are connected by cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) that form a “zipper”

simple epithelium

single layer

stratified epithelium

2 or more layers, stacked onto of each other

squamous cells are

flat

cuboidal cells are

box shaped

columnar cells are

tall and slender

where is the simple cuboidal found in the body

kidneys and thyroid

where is the stratified squamous found in the body

skin, lining of mouth, and esophagus

where is the transitional found in the body

urinary bladder, urethra, and ureters

where is the pseudostratified found in the body

respiratory

endocrine and example

release secretions into the interstitial space (space between cells)

hormones travel in the blood to a target

exocrine and example

release secretions onto a surface through a duct

sweat glands, tear glands, mammary glands

three basic components of connective tissue

specialized cells

extracellular protein fibers

ground substance

functions of connective tissue

1. binding and support- bone and cartilage

2. protects organs- bone and cartilage

3. immune protection- some connective tissue can attack invaders

4. movement- bones provide anchors and levers for muscles, cartilage is found in joints

5. insulates and stores energy- fat

fibroblasts

always present

secrete proteins that helps hold epithelial cells together and form extracellular fibers

chondroblasts

found in cartilage

osteoblasts

found in bone

adipocytes

fat cells

mast cells

produce histamine as part of inflammatory response

macrophages

“big eater” part of immune system that engulfs pathogens and damaged cells

loose connective tissue

fibers are loosely intertwined, many cells present

dense connective tissue

more fibers and fewer cells than loose

cartilage

dense network of collagen fibers and elastic fibers embedded in ground substances

bone

osteocytes (bone cells) and extracellular matrix

liquid connective tissue

blood and lymph

collagen fibers

long and straight

proteins wrap around them like a rope

flexible but stronger than steel

tendons connect muscle to bone

ligaments connect bone to bone

where are collagen fibers found and what do they look like

skin, tendons, ligaments, bones, and cartilage

looks like a bunch of lines

reticular fibers

form an intertwining framework

resist forces from many different directions

stabilize blood vessels and nerves within an organ

where is the reticular found and what does it look like

spleen, blood vessels, nerves within an organ

branching off of cells looks like a tree branch

areolar tissue

very open structure and viscous ground substance

acts as a shock absorber

forms a layer under the skin

provides oxygen and nutrients for the epithelial tissue

adipose (fat)

provides padding, shock absorption, acts as insulation to slow heat loss

stores energy

white fat

brown fat

reticular tissue

provides support to the spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow

filters blood and removes old red blood cells

filters lymph and removes bacteria

dense regular connective tissue

fibers are lined up and parallel and tightly packed

found in tendons and ligaments

dense irregular connective tissue

fibers are close together but aren’t arranged in a pattern
forms a sheath around bone and cartilage

makes up capsules that enclose kidneys, liver, and spleen

hyalin location

junction of the ribs and sternum, trachea, ends of bones that forms joints

elastic location

forms the ear, epiglottis, and larynx

fibrocartilage

found in the discs between the vertabrae, between the public bones in the pelvis, and the menisci of the knee

skeletal muscle location and function

voluntary- under our conscious control
produces movement

cardiac muscle location and function

heart

involuntary

pumps blood

smooth muscle location and function

walls of blood, vessels, hollow organs like the bladder or respiratory, digestive, and reproductive tract

involuntary