ch 1 openstax

T/F: microbes are living organisms that can’t be seen by the naked eye

F, not all microbes are living (viruses) some can be seen with naked eye

T/F: all microbes are prokaryotic

F, many are eukaryotic too, also archea

T/F all microbes are single celled organisms

F

T/F: all microbes are single celled prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms

F, not all microbes are singled celled

Compare the terms prokaryotes vs bacteria

bacteria is the name of a domain (taxonomy), prokaryote is a classification of cells that lack a nucleus

what makes archaea a seperate domain from bacteria

their rRNA sequences are significantly different from bacterias, they have a closer evolutionary relationship to eukarya than bacteria

In modern taxonomy, how do scientists determine how closely two organisms are related?

by comparing their genetic material and proteins

Explain why the branches on the “tree of life” all originate from a single “trunk.”

the analysis of rRNA sequences points towards bacteria, eukarya, and archae all evolving from a common ancestor cell

binomial nomenclature

system of naming organisms where you use the genus followed by specific epithet

In the name Homo sapien, what part is the genus and what part is the epithet?

genus: homo epithet: sapien

rules for binomial nomenclature

the genus part of the name is always capitalized, epithet is never capitalized. the whole name is in italics

taxonomic names are usually derived from these languages:

Latin, Greek, or English

rules for abbreviating taxonomic names

use capitalized first initial of genus name followed by a period, then the full species (epithet) name

whats wrong w this abbreviation? Escherichia coli → E. Coli

species name should be lowercase

whats wrong w this abbreviation?Escherichia coli → E Coli

missing period after E

whats wrong w this abbreviation?Escherichia coli → E. coli

not in italics

whats wrong w this abbreviation?Escherichia coli → E. coli

nothing

T/F, we primarily classify microbes by directly observable traits like appearance

F

T/F: we primarily classify microbes by comparing their biochemical and genetic properties.

T

what are Bergey’s Manuals

A collection of manuals that are the standard references used for identifying and classifying different prokaryotes.

Within one species of microorganism, there can be several subtypes called _____

strains

different strains of microbes have nearly identical ______ but different _______

genomes, attributes (behavior)

whats the minimum measurement for something to be visible to the naked eye

100 micrometers

list these from largest to smallest: protein, fliu virus, E.coli, mitochondria, human ovum, red blood cell, plant cell

1. protein

2. virus

3. mitochondria, E. coli

4. red blood cell

5. plant cell

6. ovum

T/F: Microorganisms differ from each other in size, structure, habitat, metabolism, and other characteristics.

T

T/F: Microorganisms all have the same type of metabolism.

F

Microbes are found in which domains?

Eukarya, Bacteria, Archaea

What do microbes in the domains Bacteria and Archea have in common?

all prokaryotes (no nucleus)

Difference between microbes in the domain Eukarya and the domains Bacteria/Archaea

all microbes in eukarya are eukaryotic (nucleated) but microbes in Archea/Bacteria are not

T/F: most bacteria are harmful and pathogenic

F

T/F: most bacteria are harmless or beneficial

T

define pathogen

a microbe that causes disease

T/F bacteria have a cell membrane

F, they have cell walls

Most bacterial cell walls contain a polymer called_______

peptidoglycan

types of bacterial shapes

coccus, bacillus, vibrio, coccobaccilus, sprillium, spirochete

this shape is called what

coccus

this shape is called what

spirochete

this shape is called what

spirrillum

this shape is called what

bacillus

and perhaps what is this

vibrio

this is called what

coccobacillus

Archea and Bacteria are both unicellular prokaryotes but have differences in:

metabolic pathways, genetics, cell wall/membrane composition

T/F: Archaea have peptidoglycan in their cell walls like Bacteria

F

Archea cell walls are often composed of ________, a similar substance to Bacterias _____

pseudopeptidoglycan, peptidoglycan

T/F: Like bacteria, archea can be found in all habitats including extreme environments

T

T/F: Some Archea live in the human body and are pathogenic

F, they do live in the body but none have been found to be pathogens

name the 2 types of prokaryotic microbes

Bacteria, Archea

name the 3 types of Eukaryotic microbes

Protists, Fungi, Helminthes

protist definition

an informal grouping of eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi

protozoa definition

a category of protists that are animal like in the sense that theyre motile and heterotrophic

autotrophic definition

organism that makes its own food, eg, plants

heterotrophic definiton

organism that cannot make its own food and has to eat things, eg, dog

name 2 types of Protists

algea, protozoa,

T/F, Cyanobacteria are considered a type of algae, but not protists

T

Algae

a category of microbes mostly made up of protists that are photosynthetic and can be multicellular or unicellular

the cell walls of protist algea are made of _____

cellulose

Photosynthesis reactants and products

Sun + CO2 + H2O → Glucose, O2