Social and Cultural Diversity: CPCE Purple Book

101. America has been called the most diverse country on the face of our planet. Counseling a client from a different social and/or cultural background is known as

a. cross-cultural counseling

b. multicultural counseling

c. intercultural counseling

d. all of the above

d. all of the above

102. Culture refers to

a. customs shared by a group which distinguish it from other groups

b. values shared by a group that are learned from others in the group

c. attitudes, beliefs, art, and language which characterize members of a group

d. all of the above

d. all of the above

103. Our culture is more diverse than in the past. Multicultural counselors often work with persons who are culturally different. This means the client

a. is culturally biased

b. suffers from the diagnosis of cultural relativity

c. belongs to a different culture from the helper

d. presents problems which deal only with culturally charged issues

c. belongs to a different culture from the helper

104. In order to diagnose clients from a different culture

a. the counselor ideally will need some information regarding the specifics of the culture

b. the counselor will find the DSM useless

c. the counselor should rely heavily on cultural epoch theory

d. NBCC ethics prohibit the use of DSM diagnosis

a. the counselor ideally will need some information regarding the specifics of the culture

105. In the United States, each socioeconomic group represents

a. a separate race

b. a separate culture

c. the concept of color blindness

d. a separate national culture

b. a separate culture

106. Which therapist was not instrumental in the early years of the social psychology movement?

a. Freud

b. Durkheim

c. McDougall

d. Berne

d. Berne

107. _______ and _______ would say that regardless of culture, humans have an instinct to fight.

a. Maslow; Rogers

b. Ellis; Harper

c. Freud; Lorenz

d. Glasser; Rogers

c. Freud; Lorenz

108. _______ believe that aggression is learned. Thus, a child who witnesses aggressive behavior in adults may imitate the aggressive behavior.

a. Instinct theorists

b. Innate aggression theorists

c. Social learning theorists

d. Followers of Erik Erikson

c. Social learning theorists

109. The APGA, which became the AACD until 1992 and is now the ACA, contributed to the growth of cross-cultural counseling by

a. the 1972 formation of the Association for Non-White Concerns in Personnel and Guidance, later known as the Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development

b. the 1972 ethic which made it unethical to see culturally different clients without three hours of relevant graduate work in this area

c. the 1972 ethic which required a 3,000-hour practicum in order to work with culturally different clients

d. urging nonwhites to take graduate counseling courses

a. the 1972 formation of the Association for Non-White Concerns in Personnel and Guidance, later known as the Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development

110. Daniel Levinson proposed a theory with several major life transitions. He

a. is the Father of Multicultural Counseling

b. wrote the 1978 classic "Seasons of a Man's Life" and the sequel "Seasons of a Woman's Life" in 1997

c. postulated a midlife crisis for men between ages 40-45 and for women approximately five years earlier

d. b and c

d. b and c

111. The three factors which enhance interpersonal attraction are

a. assertiveness, anxiety, ego strength

b. close proximity, physical attraction, similar beliefs

c. culture, race, assertiveness

d. ego strength, anxiety, race

b. close proximity, physical attraction, similar beliefs

112. The term contextualism implies that

a. multicultural counseling is the oldest subspecialty in the profession.

b. behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in which the behavior occurs.

c. the notion of worldview is highly inaccurate.

d. projective tests are more accurate than objective measures when performing cross-cultural counseling.

b. behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in which the behavior occurs.

113. Carol Gilligan, although she was an assistant to Lawrence Kohlberg, was critical of his theory of moral development

a. as she felt it was too psychoanalytic.

b. as she felt it was too behavioristic.

c. as she felt it was not applicable to African Americans.

d. as she felt it was more applicable to males than females.

d. as she felt it was more applicable to males than females.

114. _______ helped to popularize the multicultural counseling movement

a. Arthur Jensen's views on IQ testing (also known as Jensenism)

b. The civil rights movement

c. Jung's feeling that all men and women from all cultures possess a collective unconscious

d. The Tarasoff duty

b. The civil rights movement

115. When a counselor speaks of a probable outcome in a case, he or she is technically referring to

a. the prognosis

b. the diagnosis

c. the intervention

d. attending behavior

a. the prognosis

116. When a counselor speaks of what he or she believes must transpire from a psychotherapeutic standpoint, he or she technically is referring to

a. recommendations

b. the diagnosis

c. the prognosis

d. the notion of transference

a. recommendations

117. The 1971 famous Stanford Prison experiment conducted by Philip Zimbardo demonstrated that

a. passivity is the norm for most individuals

b. assertive behavior is clearly the healthiest behavioral alternative

c. it takes people several weeks to change their behavior

d. people conform to social roles

d. people conform to social roles

118. A wealth of research demonstrates that

a. surprisingly enough, African Americans generally request Asian counselors.

b. surprisingly enough, Asians generally request African- American counselors.

c. in most instances, clients prefer a counselor of the same race and a similar cultural background.

d. in most instances, clients prefer a counselor of the same race, yet a different culture.

c. in most instances, clients prefer a counselor of the same race and a similar cultural background.

119. The frustration-aggression theory is associated with

a. Albert Ellis

b. Robert Havinghurst, who created the idea of the developmental task concept

c. Eric Berne, the creator of transactional analysis (TA)

d. John Dollard and Neal Miller

d. John Dollard and Neal Miller

120 A popular cognitive consistency or balance theory in social psychology is _____ cognitive dissonance theory

a. Dollard and Miller's

b. Crites and Roe's

c. Festinger's

d. Holland and Super's

c. Festinger's

121. Culture is really a set of rules, procedures, ideas, and values shared by members of a society. Culture is said to be normative. This implies that

a. one culture will have norms which differ only slightly from another

b. culture excludes customs

c. culture provides individuals with standards of conduct

d. culture is never socially learned

c. culture provides individuals with standards of conduct

122. A statistical norm measures actual conduct, while a cultural norm

a. describes how people are supposed to act

b. has little to do with expectations

c. is irrelevant when counseling a client

d. all of the above

a. describes how people are supposed to act

123. Mores are beliefs

a. regarding the rightness or wrongness of behavior

b. which should be the central focus in multicultural counseling

c. that are conscious decisions made by persons in power

d. that are identical with the folkways in the culture

a. regarding the rightness or wrongness of behavior

124. _______ was the first pioneer to focus heavily on sociocultural issues.

a. Mark Savickas, a major figure in career construction theory relying on narrative therapy

b. Alfred Adler, the father of individual psychology

c. Maxie Maultsby, the father of rational behavioral therapy (RBT)

d. Frank Parsons, the father of guidance

d. Frank Parsons, the father of guidance

125. A counselor who is part of a research study will be counseling clients in the Polar Regions and then at a point near the equator. Her primary concern will be

a. universal culture

b. national culture

c. ecological culture

d. b and c

d. b and c

126. Biological similarities and sameness are indicated by

a. ecological culture

b. mores

c. regional and national culture

d. universal culture

d. universal culture

127. Early vocalization in infants

a. is more complex in African-American babies

b. is more complex in Caucasian babies

c. is nearly identical in all cultures around the globe

d. is the finest indicator of elementary school performance

c. is nearly identical in all cultures around the globe

128. In the 1920s, Emory Bogardus developed a social distance scale which evaluated

a. socioeconomic trends

b. how an individual felt toward other ethnic groups

c. disadvantaged youth

d. language barriers between Blacks and Asians

b. how an individual felt toward other ethnic groups

129. According to the foot-in-the-door technique, which has two distinct steps, a counselor who needs to make a home visit to a resistant client's home

a. should conduct the interview from the porch

b. should double-bind the client

c. should ask to come in the home

d. should exude accurate empathy, but never ask to enter the home

c. should ask to come in the home

130. Most countries have an official language, a stated viewpoint, and a central government. This is reflected mainly by

a. national culture

b. human culture

c. regional culture

d. ecological culture

a. national culture

131. Whereas culture is defined primarily via norms and values, a society differs from a culture in that a society

a. is defined as a set of mores

b. has a distinct lack of norms

c. is a self-perpetuating independent group which occupies a definitive territory

d. none of the above

c. is a self-perpetuating independent group which occupies a definitive territory

132. Ethnocentrism

a. uses one's own culture as a yardstick to measure all others

b. means race

c. is a genetic term

d. all of the above

a. uses one's own culture as a yardstick to measure all others

133. All of these statements are ethnocentric except

a. you can't trust anyone over the age of 40

b. Americans are generous

c. Blue-collar workers are mean and selfish

d. the Gross Domestic Product in the United States exceeds the figure in Mexico

d. the Gross Domestic Product in the United States exceeds the figure in Mexico

134. Ethnocentrism

a. is not universal

b. promotes a sense of patriotism and national sovereignty

c. promotes stability and pride, yet danger in the nuclear age

d. b and c

d. b and c

135. Regardless of culture, the popular individual

a. has good social skills

b. values race over ethnicity

c. dresses in the latest styles

d. never possesses a modal personality

a. has good social skills

136. Social exchange theory postulates that

a. a relationship will endure if both parties are assertive

b. a relationship will endure if the rewards are greater than the costs

c. a relationship will endure if both parties are sexually attracted to each other

d. men work harder to keep a relationship strong

b. a relationship will endure if the rewards are greater than the costs

137. Balance theory postulates

a. a move from cognitive consistency to inconsistency

b. a move from cognitive inconsistency to consistency

c. a tendency to achieve a balanced cognitive state

d. b and c

d. b and c

138. Most individuals believe that people whom they perceive as attractive

a. are nonassertive

b. are aggressive

c. have other positive traits

d. are socially adept but not very intelligent

c. have other positive traits

139. A counselor who works primarily with older adults needs to be aware that

a. too many counselors choose gerontology as their specialty.

b. individuals over 65 tend to overuse hotline and helpline crisis counseling services

c. surprisingly, attractiveness is a fine predictor of retirement adjustment

d. surprisingly, financial security and health are the best predictors of retirement adjustment.

d. surprisingly, financial security and health are the best predictors of retirement adjustment.

140. Most experts would agree that a multicultural counselor's diagnosis

a. must be performed without regard to cultural issues

b. must be done within a cultural context

c. a and b

d. none of the above

b. must be done within a cultural context

141. A counselor who is seeing a client from a different culture would most likely expect _______ social conformity than he or she would from a client from his or her own culture

a. less

b. more

c. the same

d. more realistic

a. less

142. In terms of diagnosis,

a. a client's behavior could be sane and appropriate in one culture, yet disturbed and bizarre in another.

b. culture is irrelevant in children under 14.

c. culture is an issue with males, but not with females.

d. culture is an issue with females, but not with males.

a. a client's behavior could be sane and appropriate in one culture, yet disturbed and bizarre in another.

143. In the United States, a frequent practice is to see a perfect stranger for therapy

a. This trend seems to be true in any area of the world

b. This is true for Licensed Professional Counselors (LPCs) but not true for Licensed Clinical Social Workers (LCSWs)

c. This is true for LPCs and LCSWs but not licensed clinical psychologists

d. In other cultures it would not be the norm to see a stranger and receive pay for providing help

d. In other cultures it would not be the norm to see a stranger and receive pay for providing help

144. According to the cognitive dissonance theory of Leon Festinger, a woman has an approach-approach conflict. She has her choice of a beautiful silver watch and an equally stunning gold watch. Both are different brands. She feels the silver model will be perfect for some of her jewelry and outfits while the gold is ideal for other jewelry and modes of dress. She chooses the silver watch.

a. She will feel intense guilt

b. She will read positive reviews on the silver watch--and possibly negative reviews about the gold model--after the purchase to justify her behavior and reduce post-decisional dissonance

c. According to the theory she will remain a tad ambivalent about her choice

d. She will be angry because in reality she wanted both watches, but could not afford them

b. She will read positive reviews on the silver watch--and possibly negative reviews about the gold model--after the purchase to justify her behavior and reduce post-decisional dissonance

145. A woman who is being robbed

a. would probably get the most assistance in a crowd with a large number of bystanders

b. would find that the number of people who would respond to her distress actually decreases as the number of bystanders increases

c. would rarely have a bystander from a different race try to help her

d. none of the above

b. would find that the number of people who would respond to her distress actually decreases as the number of bystanders increases

146. A counselor reading this book says "I couldn't care less about passing my comprehensive exam." This

a. is displacement

b. is an attempt to reduce dissonance via consistent cognitions

c. is an attempt to reduce dissonance by denial, thus minimizing tension

d. is a projection

c. is an attempt to reduce dissonance by denial, thus minimizing tension

147. The statement, "Even though my car is old and doesn't run well, it sure keeps my insurance payments low"

a. is displacement.

b. is an attempt to reduce dissonance via consistent cognitions.

c. is projection.

d. would never reduce dissonance in an individual.

b. is an attempt to reduce dissonance via consistent cognitions.

148. In the case of the individual who purchased the $50,000 watch, cognitive dissonance theory postulates that

a. he or she might ignore positive information regarding other models and secure a lot of information regarding the $50,000 platinum model

b. he or she might sell the $50,000 watch immediately following the purchase

c. he or she might focus heavily on negative information regarding rival models

d. a and c

d. a and c

149. In the United States, middle- and upper-class citizens seem to want a counselor who

a. will give them a "good talking to"

b. gives a specific and steady stream of advice

c. helps them work it out on their own

d. is highly authoritarian and autocratic

c. helps them work it out on their own

150. In a traditional culture which places a high premium on authority figures,

a. passivity on the part of the counselor would be viewed in a negative manner

b. a client would be disappointed if he or she did not receive advice

c. assigning homework and teaching on the part of the counselor would be appropriate

d. all of the above

d. all of the above

151. Cognitive dissonance research deals mainly with

a. attraction.

b. cognition and attitude formation.

c. cognitions and emotion.

d. none of the above.

b. cognition and attitude formation.

152. Parents who do not tolerate or use aggression when raising children produce

a. less-aggressive children

b. more-aggressive children

c. passive-aggressive children

d. passive-dependent children

a. less-aggressive children

153. Overall, Rogerian person-centered counseling

a. is rarely utilized in cross-cultural counseling

b. is too nondirective for intercultural counseling

c. a and b

d. has been used more than other models to help promote understanding between cultures and races

d. has been used more than other models to help promote understanding between cultures and races

154. In intercultural/multicultural counseling the term "therapeutic surrender" means

a. nothing-it is not a valid term

b. most therapists will give up in 16 sessions or less if progress is not evident

c. the client psychologically surrenders himself or herself to a counselor from a different culture and becomes open with feelings and thoughts

d. the therapist assumes a passive therapeutic stance

c. the client psychologically surrenders himself or herself to a counselor from a different culture and becomes open with feelings and thoughts

155. The literature suggests these factors as helpful in promoting therapeutic surrender

a. an analysis of cognitive dissonance

b. rapport, trust, listening, conquering client resistance, and self-disclosure

c. paradoxing the client

d. analyzing flight-to-health variables

b. rapport, trust, listening, conquering client resistance, and self-disclosure

156. In terms of trust and therapeutic surrender

a. it is easier to trust people from one's own culture

b. lower-class people often don't trust others from a higher social class

c. lower-class clients may feel that they will end up as losers dealing with a counselor from a higher social class

d. all of the above

d. all of the above

157. A(n) _______ client would most likely have the most difficulty with self-disclosure when speaking to a white counselor.

a. white female

b. African American female

c. African American male

d. upper-class white male

c. African American male

158. According to assimilation-contrast theory, a client will perceive a counselor's statement that is somewhat like his or her own beliefs as even more similar (i.e., an assimilation error). He or she would perceive any dissimilar attitudes as

a. even more dissimilar (i.e., a contrast error)

b. standardization

c. similar to his or her own

d. paraphrasing

a. even more dissimilar (i.e., a contrast error)

159. When counseling a client from a different culture, a common error is made when negative transference

a. is interpreted as positive transference

b. is interpreted as therapeutic resistance

c. is interpreted as White privilege

d. none of the above

b. is interpreted as therapeutic resistance

160. Counselors who have good listening skills

a. facilitate therapeutic surrender

b. hinder therapeutic surrender

c. often have a monolithic perspective

d. are too nondirective to promote therapeutic surrender

a. facilitate therapeutic surrender

161. Counselors can more easily advise

a. clients from their own culture

b. clients from a different culture

c. clients of a different race

d. clients utilizing ethnocentric statements

a. clients from their own culture

162. It's easiest to empathize with

a. a client who is similar to you

b. a client who is dissimilar to you

c. Latino/a clients

d. Asian American male clients

a. a client who is similar to you

163. In cross-cultural counseling, structuring is very important. This concept asserts that counseling is most effective

a. when structured exercises are utilized

b. when a counselor takes an active-directive stance

c. when nondirective procedures are emphasized

d. when the nature and structure of the counseling situation is described during the initial session

d. when the nature and structure of the counseling situation is described during the initial session

164. A client from another culture will

a. talk to the counselor the same as he or she would to a peer

b. speak to the counselor differently from the way he or she would when speaking to someone of his or her own background

c. generally use slang on purpose to confuse the counselor

d. generally play dumb to receive the counselor's sympathy

b. speak to the counselor differently from the way he or she would when speaking to someone of his or her own background

165. An African-American client tells a Caucasian counselor that things are "bad" though she literally means something is good.

The counselor's misunderstanding could best be described as a

a. client of color error.

b. cognitive dissonance error.

c. connotative error.

d. confounding variable.

c. connotative error.

166. A monolingual U.S. counselor

a. speaks only English

b. Speaks English and Spanish

c. works as a counseling interpreter

d. fits the definition of bilingual

a. speaks only English

167. _______ was a prime factor in the history of multicultural counseling

a. Frankl's experience in concentration camp

b. Perl's use of German concept of gestalt

c. Freud's visits to the United States

d. The 1954 Supreme Court decision, Brown v. the Board of Education, which outlawed public school segregation

d. The 1954 Supreme Court decision, Brown v. the Board of Education, which outlawed public school segregation

168. Multicultural counseling promotes

a. eclecticism

b. rigidity

c. psychodynamic models

d. neurolinguistic programing (NLP)

a. eclecticism

169. Multicultural counselors often adhere to the emic viewpoint. The word "emic"

a. is associated with the Supreme Court decision of 1954 outlawing segregation

b. suggests that all clients are alike regardless of culture

c. is associated with Rational Behavior Therapy (RBT)

d. is a "culture specific" perspective, from the word phonemic meaning sounds in a particular language

d. is a "culture specific" perspective, from the word phonemic meaning sounds in a particular language

170. A practicum supervisor who says to his or her supervisee, "You can deal with your Asian-American clients the same as you deal with anybody else," is espousing the

a. emic viewpoint.

b. alloplastic viewpoint.

c. etic viewpoint, derived from the term phonetic referring to sounds that remain the same in any language.

d. autoplastic viewpoint.

c. etic viewpoint, derived from the term phonetic referring to sounds that remain the same in any language.

171. The statement, "All humans, from all cultures, all races, and all nations, are more alike than different," is based on the

a. emic viewpoint

b. alloplastic viewpoint

c. etic viewpoint

d. autoplastic viewpoint

c. etic viewpoint

172. A counselor is confronted with his or her first Native American client. Native Americans (also called American Indians on some exams) are descendants of the original inhabitants of North America. After the initial session, the counselor secures several books which delineate the cultural aspects of Native American life. She discovers that there are over 560 federally recognized tribes in the United States. This counselor most likely believes in the

a. emic viewpoint

b. alloplastic viewpoint

c. etic viewpoint

d. autoplastic viewpoint

a. emic viewpoint

173. An Asian American counselor says to an African American client, "If you're unhappy with the system, get out there and rebel. You can change the system." This is the ____ viewpoint for coping with the environment

a. emic viewpoint

b. alloplastic viewpoint

c. etic viewpoint

d. autoplastic viewpoint

b. alloplastic viewpoint

174. A young Latino male is the victim of discrimination. His counselor remarks, "I hear what you are saying and I will help you change your thinking so this will not have such a profound impact on you." In this case the counselor had suggested

A. an alloplastic method of coping

B. an autoplastic method of coping

C. the emic-etic distinction

D. the emic viewpoint

B. an autoplastic method of coping

175. You are counseling a client from a different culture. She cannot move her right arm, but has been examined by some of the finest physicians and they cannot find any physical reason for her condition. The irony is that she is there to work on some personal issues but states forthrightly that the total lack of mobility in her arm does not bother her and thus is not an issue to deal with in the counseling sessions. The most likely explanation would be

a. she is displaying malingering

b. she was severely abused as a child

c. she is suicidal

d. she has a conversion disorder with la belle indifference

d. she has a conversion disorder with la belle indifference

176. Positive transference is to love as negative transference is to hostility, and as ambivalent transference is to

a. anger

b. hate

c. uncertainty

d. admiration

c. uncertainty

177. The word "personalism" in the context of multicultural counseling means

a. all people must adjust to environmental and geological demands

b. the counselor must adjust to the client's cultural mores

c. a counselor who personalizes the treatment is most effective

d. biologically speaking, there is no reason why humans must adjust to environmental demands

a. all people must adjust to environmental and geological demands

178. A client whose counselor pushes the alloplastic viewpoint may believe his counselor is simply

a. too Rogerian

b. attacking the system

c. too Freudian

d. too cognitive

b. attacking the system

179. Good multicultural counselors are

a. flexible.

b. rigid.

c. utilize Eric Berne's transactional analysis (TA), Fritz Perl's Gestalt therapy and/or William Glasser's reality therapy in nearly every case.

d. generally behavioristic.

a. flexible.

180. A client remarks, "Hey, I'm Black and it's nearly impossible to hide it." This is illustrative of the fact that

a. race is not the same as ethnicity.

b. African Americans struggle when expressing feelings.

c. a connotative impediment exists.

d. severe ambivalent transference exists.

a. race is not the same as ethnicity.

181. Experts in the field of multicultural counseling feel that the counselor's training

a. must come from an APA-approved graduate program

b. must come from a CACREP-approved graduate program

c. should be broad and interdisciplinary

d. need not include REBT

c. should be broad and interdisciplinary

182. Doing cross-cultural counseling

a. makes counselors increasingly aware of cultural differences

b. allows counselors to see that culture is merely a matter of semantics

c. is different since clients are more likely to return for help after the first session

d. allows counselors to ignore the concept of pluralism

a. makes counselors increasingly aware of cultural differences

183. Floyd Henry Allport created the concept of social facilitation. According to this theory , an individual who is given the task of memorizing a list of numbers will

a. perform better if he or she is alone

b. perform better if he or she is part of a group

c. perform better if he or she has undergone psychotherapy

d. perform better if he or she is an auditory learner

b. perform better if he or she is part of a group

184. In social psychology, the sleeper effect asserts that

a. sleep learning facilitates social skills.

b. after a period of time, one forgets the communicator but remembers the message.

c. after a period of time, one remembers the communicator but forgets the message.

d. REM sleep facilitates insight.

b. after a period of time, one forgets the communicator but remembers the message.

185. In 1908, books by ______ helped to introduce social psychology in America

a. Moreno and Yalom

b. Holland and Roe

c. Barber and Salter

d. McDougall and Ross

d. McDougall and Ross

186. _____ is associated with obedience and authority

a. Stanley Milgram, a noted psychologist

b. Arthur Janov, who created Primal Scream therapy

c. A. T. Beck, a cognitive therapy pioneer

d. Robert Harper, a pioneer in the REBT bibliotherapy movement

a. Stanley Milgram, a noted psychologist

187. Milgram discovered that normal people would administer seemingly fatal electric shocks to others when instructions to do so were given by a person perceived as

a. a peer

b. an equal

c. an individual from another culture

d. an authority figure

d. an authority figure

188. The tendency to affiliate with others

a. is highest in the middle child

b. is highest in dysthymics

c. is highest in firstborns and only children

d. is based on hormonal output

c. is highest in firstborns and only children

189. A client tells his counselor that he has a choice of entering one of two prestigious PhD counseling programs. Kurt Lewin would call this an

a. approach-avoidance conflict

b. approach-approach conflict

c. avoidance-avoidance conflict

d. avoidance vector

b. approach-approach conflict

190. When a person has two negative alternatives, it is called an

a. approach-approach conflict

b. approach vector

c. avoidance-avoidance conflict

d. avoidance cohesiveness

c. avoidance-avoidance conflict

191. A male client tells his counselor that he is attracted to a "gorgeous woman who is violent and chemically dependent." This creates an

a. approach-avoidance conflict.

b. avoidance-avoidance conflict.

c. avoidance of life space.

d. approach affiliation.

a. approach-avoidance conflict.

192. According to Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum's congruity theory, a client will accept suggestions more readily if:

a. the client likes the counselor

b. the client dislikes the counselor

c. the client distrusts the counselor

d. the counselor is in a higher economic bracket

a. the client likes the counselor

193. An adept multicultural counselor

a. generally believes in the melting pot concept

b. has a strong ethnocentric worldview

c. will not ask the client for information related to religion or level of faith development

d. usually supports the salad bowl model of diversity

d. usually supports the salad bowl model of diversity

194. A classic experiment in social psychology was conducted by the social psychologist Muzafer Sherif et al. at the boys' summer camp near Robbers Cave, Oklahoma. The important finding in this study was that

a. most people cooperate in a social setting.

b. competition plays a small role in most of our lives.

c. a and b.

d. a cooperative goal can bring two hostile groups together, thus reducing competition and enhancing cooperation.

d. a cooperative goal can bring two hostile groups together, thus reducing competition and enhancing cooperation.

195. Sex role stereotyping would imply that

a. a counselor would only consider traditional feminine careers for his female client

b. a male counselor would rate a female client's emotional status differently than he would a male client's

c. female clients are treated the same as male clients

d. choices a and b

d. choices a and b

196. The statement, "Whites are better than Blacks," illustrates

a. a weakening of the caste system in the U.S.

b. racism

c. sexism

d. codependency

b. racism

197. In terms of research related to affiliation

a. misery loves miserable company.

b. firstborns are more likely to affiliate than other children born later.

c. people affiliate in an attempt to lower fear.

d. all of the above.

d. all of the above.

198. Six persons attend a counseling group. After the group, five members praise the merits of a group activity assigned by the group leader. The sixth person, who has heard the opinion of the other five people, felt the activity was useless and boring. According to studies on social behavior, about one third of the time the sixth individual would most likely tell the other five that

a. he totally disagreed with their assessment

b. he too felt the group activity was very helpful

c. he really wasn't certain how he felt about the activity

d. a and c

b. he too felt the group activity was very helpful

199. The client who would most likely engage in introspection would be a

a. 52-year-old single African-American male school administrator

b. 49-year-old Caucasian homeless male

c. 40-year-old divorced Caucasian female who is out of work and has three children

d. 19-year-old Hispanic mother on welfare with two children

a. 52-year-old single African-American male school administrator

200. A Japanese client who was reluctant to look you in the eye during her counseling session would most likely be displaying

a. severe negative transference

b. positive transference

c. normal behavior within the context of her culture

d. ambivalent transference

c. normal behavior within the context of her culture