AP Psych Semester 1 Final (Note Based)

Intelligence

the ability to gather and use information in productive ways

Generalists

beleive that if you were intelligent you would have a high g-factor

Charles Spearman

Generalists

Howard Gardner

believes in Multiples; everyone is intelligent in different ways

Interpersonal

sensing people’s feelings and motives

Bodily-Kinesthetic

coordinating your mind with your body

Linguistic

finding the right words to express what you mean

Intra-personal

understanding yourself, what you feel, and what you want

Spatial

visualizing the world in 3D

Naturalisitc

understanding living things and reading nature

Musical

discerning sounds, their pitch, tone, rhythm, and timbre

Logical-mathematical

quantifying things, making hypotheses and proving them

Existential

tackling the questions of why we live, and why we die

Robert Sternberg

created the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

Triarchic Theory on Intelligence

Includes Analytic, Practical, and Creative forms of intelligence

Part one in the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

Analytic intelligence which is mental steps or “components” used to solve problems

Part two in the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

Practical intelligence which is the ability to read and adapt to the contexts of everyday life

Part three in the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

Creative intelligence which is the use of experience in ways that foster insight

Daniel Goleman

Coined the term EQ → emotional intelligence and listed the 5 elements of EQ: self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, and social skills

Nature v Nurture

Look at intelligence and if it is genetically or environmental

Alfred Binet

created the first intelligence test called the Binet-Simon Scale to organize children into grades when school became required in France

Lewis Terman

Created the Stanford-Binet test

Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale

tests people 17 and older

Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children

test people ages 6-16

Weschler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence

tests children ages 4-5

Reliability & Validity

measurements need to be consistent all the time and is the ability for the test to measure what it is supposed to measure

Fluid Intelligence

abstract thinking that decreases with age

Crystallized Intelligence

knowledge and facts that increase with age

Flynn Effect

phenomenon over the last 100 years that shows that tests of IQ, fluid intelligence, and crystal intelligence has been on a steady rise

Aptitude Test

measures ability or potential

Achievement Test

measures what one has learned or accomplished

Speed Test

consists of a large number of questions asked in a short amount of time to see how quickly a person can solve problems

Power Test

designed to gauge the difficulty level of problems an individual can solve

Test Reliability

for us to have any faith in the meaning of a test score, we must believe that the test is both reliable and valid

Spit-half reliability

randomly dividing a test into two different sections and then correlating performance on the two halves

Equivalent-Form Reliability

many tests are available in multiple equivalent forms

Test-Retest Reliability

correlation between a persons score on ones administration of a test with subsequent attempts of the test

Content Validity

how well a measure reflects the entire range of material

Criterion-Related Validity

concurrent validity measures the now while the predictive validity measures future performance

Construct Validity

is the most meaningful and is a measurement of the measurement

Plethoras

also seen as chakras such as exercise, sweating, dieting, and vomiting

Four Humors

sickness caused by an imbalance of humors; blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile

Bloodletting

humors were balanced out with a practice of bloodletting

Trephination

process of drilling holes in the skull

Phrenology

popular until the mid 19th century that beleived that there was 27 individual organs and you could connect them to bumps on the head

Introspection

the first wave in Psychology that included Wilhelm Wundt and William James

Wilhelm Wundt

created the first Psych lab and beleived in structuralism

William James

created the first text book and beleived in functionalism

Gestalt Psychology

Second wave that included Max Wertheimer

Max Wertheimer

created a response to structuralism and functionalism that looked at: closure, similarity, figure ground, proximity, enclosure, and continuance

Psychoanalysis

third wave that included Sigmund Freud

Sigmund Freud

known for the Unconscious mind theory (ID, Ego, Superego)

Behaviorism

Wave four and included John Watson, Ivan Pavlov, and B.F.Skinner

People involved in Behaviorism

John Watson, Ivan Pavlov, and B.F. Skinner

Multiple Perspectives

Wave five

Structuralism

sought to break the human experience down to sensations, views, feelings, emotions, etc.

Naturalisitc Observation

watching a person, or an animal behave in its normal surroundings

Case Studies

a thorough study of one person in hopes to learn about people in general

Surveys

asks questions and deals with many more people in less depth and can gather information from a large number of people

Correlation Studies

when two things are related or they go together

Experiments

only research method that can determine causation

Purpose of Naturalisitc Observations

to gather information

Strengths of Naturalistic Observations

inexpensive, can normally be done when ethical factors won’t allow for experiments

Weaknesses of Naturalistic Observation

individual cases can perhaps be misleading

Purpose of Case Studies

to gather information

Strengths of Case Studies

inexpensive, requires only one participant, can often be done when ethical factors won’t allow experiments

Weaknesses of Case Studies

individual cases can be misleading

Purpose of Surveys

to gather information

Strengths of Surveys

inexpensive, can gather lots of info fast, can often be done when ethical factors won’t allow experiments

Weaknesses of Surveys

wording and personal bias can severely alter results

Strength of correlation

0-0.199 =-0.199 very weak; .2-.399 =-0.199 weak; .4-.599 =-0.199 medium; .6-.79 =-0.19 strong; .8-1 =-0.2 very strong

steps to conduct an experiment

research question, hypothesis, population, random selection, sample, rando assignment, confounding variables, experimental group(s), independent variables, operational definitions, dependent variable, control group

measures of central tendency

mean, median, mode

measures of variation

standard deviation, range

Neuron

part in the body that sends signals through others to alert body

Soma

large beginning of the Neuron that contains dendrites

Dendrites

attached to the Soma

Myelin sheath

attached to the Axon

axon

home for the Myelin sheaths

terminal buttons

attached to the end of the axon

agonist

mimics or stimulates neurotransmitters

antagonist

blocks the production of neurotransmitters

Corpus callosum

connects the right and left hemisphere of the brain so they can communicate

Parts in the Hindbrain

Medulla Oblongata, Pons, Reticular Formation, Cerebellum, Brain Stem

Medulla Oblongata

located on top of the spinal cord that involves the control of blood pressure and heart rate

Pons

located on top of the medulla and involves the control of facial expressions

Reticular Formation

located through the middle of the medulla & the Pons and is involved in various physiological functions, including pain sensitization

Cerebellum

located in the rear of the brain and coordinates some habitual muscle movements such as tracking with our eyes

Brain Stem

located in the lower part of the brain and helps to regulate vital body functions that you’d on’t have to think about like breathing

Parts in the Forebrain

Limbic system, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala

Limbic System

located as a loosely connected network of structures and is responsible for mood & emotions

Thalamus

located on top of the brainstem and is responsible for redividing the sensory signals coming up the spinal cord

Hypothalamus

Located directly underneath the thalamus & directly above the pituitary gland and controls several metabolic functions including body temperature

Hippocampus

curved structure located within each temporal lone

Amygdala

Two almond shaped structures located near the hippocampus that are vital to our experiences of emotions

Parts in the Cerebrum

frontal lobe, prefrontal cortex, primary motor cortex, broca’s area, temporal lobe, auditory cortex, wernicke’s area, parital lobe, sensory cortex, somatosensory strip, occipital lobe, and visual cortex

Frontal Lobe

located in front of the brain and is important for voluntary movement and expressive language

Prefrontal Cortex

thought to play a critical role in directing thought processes and acts as the brain central executive

Primary Motor Cortex

provides the most important signal for the production of skilled movements

Broca’s Area

responsible for controlling the muscles involved in producing speech; if damaged you may be unable to make the muscle movements needed for speech