Halogen Derivatives Lecture Notes

Vocabulary flashcards from a Chemistry lecture on Halogen Derivatives, covering definitions, reactions, and important concepts.

Halogen Derivatives

Compounds formed from or altered by halogens.

Halogens

Group 17 elements in the modern periodic table, including fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.

Hydrocarbons

Basic organic compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon.

Saturated Hydrocarbons (Alkanes)

Hydrocarbons with only single bonds between carbon atoms.

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons containing double or triple bonds between carbon atoms.

Alkenes

Unsaturated hydrocarbons with at least one carbon-carbon double bond; general formula cnh2n.

Alkynes

Unsaturated hydrocarbons containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond; general formula cnh2n-2.

Halogen Derivative (of Alkane)

A hydrocarbon in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by halogen atoms.

Mono Halogen Derivatives

Halogen derivatives with one halogen atom.

Dihalogen Derivatives

Halogen derivatives with two halogen atoms.

Trihalogen Derivatives

Halogen derivatives with three halogen atoms.

Tetrahalogen Derivatives

Halogen derivatives with four halogen atoms.

Vinyl Halide

A compound where a halogen atom is directly attached to one of the carbons of a carbon-carbon double bond.

Benzylic Halide

When a halogen atom is attached to an adjacent carbon of the benzene ring.

Primary Halides

Alkyl halides are classified as primary (1°), where the carbon bearing the halogen is attached to one other carbon atom.

Secondary Halides

Alkyl halides are classified as secondary (2°), where the carbon bearing the halogen is attached to two other carbon atoms.

Tertiary Halides

Alkyl halides are classified as tertiary (3°), where the carbon bearing the halogen is attached to three other carbon atoms.

Allylic Halide

Halogen atom attached to an sp3 hybridized carbon atom next to a carbon-carbon double bond.

IUPAC Nomenclature

The systematic naming of organic chemical compounds as defined by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.

Lucas Reagent

A reagent made from the combination of concentrated hydrochloric acid and zinc chloride, used to classify alcohols.

Markovnikov's Rule

The addition of hydrogen halides (HX) to unsymmetrical alkenes; the halogen atom attaches to the carbon with fewer hydrogen atoms.

Finkelstein Reaction

A reaction used to convert an alkyl chloride or alkyl bromide into an alkyl iodide by reaction with sodium iodide in acetone.

Swarts Reaction

A reaction used to convert an alkyl halide into an alkyl fluoride using a silver fluoride salt.

Sandmeyer Reaction

Sandmeyer reaction involves the conversion of aryl diazonium salts into aryl halides using copper salts.

SN2 Reaction

Refers to any substitution reaction in which the nucleophile attacks the substrate and simultaneously displaces the leaving group in one step.

SN1 Reaction

Unimolecular nucleophilic substitution is a substitution reaction in organic chemistry; the mechanism is a two-step process.

Chiral Carbon

Carbon atom bonded to four different substituents.

Enantiomers

Isomers that are mirror images of each other and non-superimposable.

Williamson Ether Synthesis

Williamson ether synthesis is an organic reaction, forming an ether from an organohalide and a deprotonated alcohol (alkoxide).

Zaitsev's Rule

In an elimination reaction, the major product is the alkene with the most substituted double bond.

Wurtz Reaction

Wurtz reaction is a coupling reaction in organic chemistry, involving reaction of alkyl halides with sodium metal in dry ether to form a new carbon-carbon bond and producing an alkane.