19.1-19.2 Bio Quiz

Taxonomy

A system of naming and classifying organisms based on shared characteristics and universal rules

Binomial nomenclature

A biological naming system where each species is assigned a two-part scientific name

Genus

A group of similar species

Systematics

The science of naming and grouping organisms

Taxa

Groups of organisms

Family

A larger group of taxons

Order

How closely related families are grouped into the next larger taxon

Class

The rank above an order

Phylum

Group above a class

Kingdom

Group above a phylum

Domain

The newest and largest taxonomic category

From LARGEST TO SMALLEST, how are living things classified?

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

From SMALLEST TO LARGEST, how are living things classified?

Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom

What is the system we use to classify living things called?

The Linnaean Classification System

What is the goal of systematics?

To organize living things into groups that have biological meaning

How were species named before taxonomy?

With Latin or Greek names

What were the problems at hand with naming species before taxonomy?

Poor organization and disagreement over naming conventions

How should scientific names be written?

In italics

How does capitalization work in binomial nomenclature?

First word is capitalized, second is in lowercase

Who developed binomial nomenclature?

Carolus Linnaeus

Based on its name, what would the Ursus americanus be?

American black bear

The first part of a species name is the ____

Genus to which the species belongs

The second part of a species name is ______

Often a description of an important trait or the organism’s habitat

Systematics utilizes ____ and ____

Common ancestry and evolutionary relationships

How does an organism’s relation to others change as the taxonomic group gets LARGER?

Larger the group the less related

How does an organism’s relation to others change as the taxonomic group gets SMALLER?

Smaller the group the more related

How many kingdoms are there now?

4

What is an example of a kingdom?

Animalia

What is an example of a domain?

Bacteria

What is an example of a phylum?

Chordate

What is an example of a class?

Mammalia

What is an example of an order?

Artiodactyla

What is an example of a family?

Camelidae

What is an example of a genus?

Camelus

What is an example of a species?

Camelus bactrianus

What is a dichotomous key?

A series of steps that lead to a classification of an organism.

Phylogeny

The study of the evolutionary history in lineages of organisms.

What can advances in phylogeny lead to?

Evolutionary classification

What is the goal of evolutionary classification?

To group species into larger categories that reflect lines of evolutionary descent, rather than overall similarities and differences.

The larger a taxon is, _____

The farther back in time the common ancestor is.

Clade

A group of species that includes a single common ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor — living and extinct.

What can cause a taxon to fail the “clade test”?

Including species that descended from more than one different ancestor.

Cladogram

A diagram showing how evolutionary lines, or lineages, split from each other over time.

What does cladistic analysis compare?

Carefully selected traits to determine the order in which groups of organisms branched off from their common ancestors.

What does a cladogram do?

links groups of organisms by showing current hypotheses about how evolutionary lines, or lineages, branched off from common ancestors.

What is at the bottom/root of a cladogram?

The common ancestor

Derived character

A trait that arose in the most recent common ancestor of a lineage and was passed to its descendants.

What do forks in a cladogram show?

The order in which various groups branched off from the lineage.

Do many traditional taxonomic groups form valid clades?

Yes

Which domain contains Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia?

Eukarya

What is the Tree of All Life?

A cladogram illustrating current hypotheses regarding evolutionary relationships among the taxa within the 3 domains of life.

What are two defining characteristics of members of the domains Bacteria and Archaea?

Unicellular and prokaryotic

What do members of the domain Bacteria’s cell walls contain?

Peptidoglycan

Members of which domain live in some of Earth’s most extreme environments like volcanic hot springs or brine pools?

Archaea

Is the kingdom Protista a valid clade?

No

Members of the kingdom Fungi are heterotrophs with cell walls containing ____

Chitin.

Members of the kingdom Plantae are autotrophs with cell walls that contain ___

Cellulose.

Members of the kingdom Animalia do NOT have ___

Cell walls.

In the case study, what characteristics are said to make an organism a mammal?

Hair or fur and the production of milk