Community Exam 1

from priority sheet and case study quizzes

what is the definition of a community?

a group with shared place, interests, identity, or experiences.

what factor has the greatest influence on health?

behavior (40-50%).

what roles do community and public health nurses (CHN/PHN) perform?

population care, prevention, large-scale interventions, and advocacy.

what are the three levels of prevention?

primary = prevent, secondary = screen, tertiary = treat/rehab.

what is the difference between upstream and downstream thinking?

upstream = root causes/policy; downstream = treatment/illness care.

what are the five social determinants of health (SDOH) domains?

economic stability, education, healthcare, environment, and social context.

what is the vision of Healthy People 2030?

all people reach full health potential.

Sally investigated childhood obesity in her community. which intervention is the best example of upstream thinking?

a) encouraging fast-food restaurants to serve a healthier menu

b) educating a group of parents whose children are obese about healthy eating

c) counseling an individual about weight loss

d) facilitating an aerobics class to improve fitness and decrease stress

a) encouraging fast-food restaurants to serve a healthier menu (upstream thinking addresses root causes through environmental or policy changes rather than focusing only on individuals.)

Sally investigated childhood obesity in her community. which nursing intervention best describes a microscopic perspective?

a) lobbying for improved school lunch menus

b) counseling an individual about weight loss

c) performing height and weight screenings on all students in the school

d) examining the trends in childhood obesity

b) counseling an individual about weight loss (microscopic approaches target the individual, while macroscopic approaches target populations.)

Sally created a community plan with nutrition counseling, YMCA exercise classes, and healthier menus from businesses. which model best describes these interventions?

a) critical social theory

b) Orem’s self-care model

c) Milio’s framework for prevention

d) health belief model

c) Milio’s framework for prevention (Milio’s framework focuses on balancing health needs with available community resources to prevent deficits.)

Sally arranged interventions to address childhood obesity. match each intervention to the correct level of prevention:

• counseling obese children about weight loss

• facilitating an aerobics class for healthy youth

• offering BMI measurements at a local church

• educating young mothers about healthy eating for the family

• counseling obese children → tertiary prevention

• facilitating an aerobics class → primary prevention

• offering BMI measurements → secondary prevention

• educating young mothers → primary prevention

(primary prevents disease, secondary detects disease early, and tertiary manages existing conditions.)

who is considered the father of modern epidemiology and what was his major contribution?

John Snow - mapped cholera outbreak to a contaminated water pump.

who founded the Henry Street Settlement and is known as the mother of public health nursing in the U.S.?

Lillian Wald.

which nursing leader used hygiene and statistical evidence to reform health policy during the Crimean War?

Florence Nightingale.

which historical figure emphasized social and economic conditions as determinants of health?

Rudolf Virchow.

who linked poor sanitation to disease and pushed for public sanitation reform?

Edwin Chadwick.

who used census data and vital statistics to improve maternal and infant health outcomes?

Lemuel Shattuck.

what did Medicare and Medicaid (1965) provide?

health care access for elderly and low-income populations.

what was the main impact of the Affordable Care Act (2010)?

expanded coverage and emphasized prevention.

what shift in health focus occurred in the U.S. after the 1960s?

from acute care to chronic disease management due to aging population and lifestyle factors.

what is a windshield survey and what does it assess?

direct observation of a community’s environment and resources

what type of data is collected in vital statistics?

births, deaths, marriages, divorces.

what are the four types of needs in community assessment?

expressed, normative, perceived, and relative.