Community Exam 1

from priority sheet and case study quizzes

what is the definition of a community?

a group with shared place, interests, identity, or experiences.

what factor has the greatest influence on health?

behavior (40-50%).

what roles do community and public health nurses (CHN/PHN) perform?

population care, prevention, large-scale interventions, and advocacy.

what are the three levels of prevention?

primary = prevent, secondary = screen, tertiary = treat/rehab.

what is the difference between upstream and downstream thinking?

upstream = root causes/policy; downstream = treatment/illness care.

what are the five social determinants of health (SDOH) domains?

economic stability, education, healthcare, environment, and social context.

what is the vision of Healthy People 2030?

all people reach full health potential.

Sally investigated childhood obesity in her community. which intervention is the best example of upstream thinking?

a) encouraging fast-food restaurants to serve a healthier menu

b) educating a group of parents whose children are obese about healthy eating

c) counseling an individual about weight loss

d) facilitating an aerobics class to improve fitness and decrease stress

a) encouraging fast-food restaurants to serve a healthier menu (upstream thinking addresses root causes through environmental or policy changes rather than focusing only on individuals.)

Sally investigated childhood obesity in her community. which nursing intervention best describes a microscopic perspective?

a) lobbying for improved school lunch menus

b) counseling an individual about weight loss

c) performing height and weight screenings on all students in the school

d) examining the trends in childhood obesity

b) counseling an individual about weight loss (microscopic approaches target the individual, while macroscopic approaches target populations.)

Sally created a community plan with nutrition counseling, YMCA exercise classes, and healthier menus from businesses. which model best describes these interventions?

a) critical social theory

b) Orem’s self-care model

c) Milio’s framework for prevention

d) health belief model

c) Milio’s framework for prevention (Milio’s framework focuses on balancing health needs with available community resources to prevent deficits.)

Sally arranged interventions to address childhood obesity. match each intervention to the correct level of prevention:

• counseling obese children about weight loss

• facilitating an aerobics class for healthy youth

• offering BMI measurements at a local church

• educating young mothers about healthy eating for the family

• counseling obese children → tertiary prevention

• facilitating an aerobics class → primary prevention

• offering BMI measurements → secondary prevention

• educating young mothers → primary prevention

(primary prevents disease, secondary detects disease early, and tertiary manages existing conditions.)

who is considered the father of modern epidemiology and what was his major contribution?

John Snow - mapped cholera outbreak to a contaminated water pump.

who founded the Henry Street Settlement and is known as the mother of public health nursing in the U.S.?

Lillian Wald.

which nursing leader used hygiene and statistical evidence to reform health policy during the Crimean War?

Florence Nightingale.

which historical figure emphasized social and economic conditions as determinants of health?

Rudolf Virchow.

who linked poor sanitation to disease and pushed for public sanitation reform?

Edwin Chadwick.

who used census data and vital statistics to improve maternal and infant health outcomes?

Lemuel Shattuck.

what did Medicare and Medicaid (1965) provide?

health care access for elderly and low-income populations.

what was the main impact of the Affordable Care Act (2010)?

expanded coverage and emphasized prevention.

what shift in health focus occurred in the U.S. after the 1960s?

from acute care to chronic disease management due to aging population and lifestyle factors.

what is a windshield survey and what does it assess?

direct observation of a community’s environment and resources

what type of data is collected in vital statistics?

births, deaths, marriages, divorces.

what are the four types of needs in community assessment?

expressed, normative, perceived, and relative.

what is the purpose of the Health Belief Model (HBM)?

explains why people may or may not engage in health behaviors

what does perceived susceptibility mean?

belief about how likely you are to get sick

what does perceived severity mean?

belief about how serious the illness or outcome could be

what are perceived benefits vs barriers?

benefits = belief the action will help; barriers = obstacles like time, cost, or side effects

what are cues to action and self-efficacy in HBM?

cues = reminders/triggers; self-efficacy = confidence in ability to act

what is one limitation of HBM?

focuses only on the individual; doesn’t address social or root causes

what are Knowles’ 5 adult learning principles?

need to know, self-concept, experience, readiness, motivation

how should nurses apply adult learning in CHN?

use trust, 6th-grade teaching level, culturally relevant info, teach-back

what is the goal of case management?

improve coordination of services, especially for chronic illness and vulnerable populations

difference between patient-centered vs system-centered case management?

patient-centered = support self-management; system-centered = links services, manages costs

what are key roles of case managers?

advocacy, coordination, referrals, and barrier navigation

define incidence vs prevalence.

incidence = new cases (risk); prevalence = all cases (burden)

what do relative risk values mean? (>1, <1, =1)

>1 = higher risk; <1 = protective; =1 = no association

define endemic, epidemic, and pandemic.

endemic = steady/expected; epidemic = above expected; pandemic = global spread

during an outbreak investigation, a public health nurse identifies a common source of infection among affected individuals. which epidemiological principle is being applied?

a) descriptive epidemiology

b) analytic epidemiology

c) experimental epidemiology

d) clinical epidemiology

b) analytic epidemiology (analytic epidemiology involves identifying and examining the determinants of health-related events, such as the source of an infection during an outbreak.)

a nurse is developing a plan to prevent the spread of a highly contagious disease in a community. which of the following strategies should be prioritized?

a) providing treatment to infected individuals

b) educating the community about hand hygiene

c) conducting routine health screenings

d) distributing PPE

b) educating the community about hand hygiene (educating the community about hand hygiene is a key preventive measure that can significantly reduce the spread of contagious diseases.)