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Cognitive Psychology
the branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of the mind
Cognition
the mental processes, such as perception, attention, and memory, that are what the mind creates
Patient H.M
Accident caused him to have anterograde amnesia. He could not make new memories
Cognitive psychology arose partly from the limitations of these previous research traditons:
introspection
behaviorism
What did the cognitive revolution put greater emphasis on?
Unobservable mental processing
Who is associated with the structuralism appraoch?
Wundt
Structuralism
overall experience is determined by combining basic elements of experience called sensations
Structuralism used what method?
analytics introspection
Analytics introspection
participants were trained to describe experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli
Introspection
“looking within”. observing and recording your own thoughts and experiences. requires systematic training
What are some problems with introspection?
some thoughts are unconscious
often impossible to test claims made via introspection
What were John Watson’s 2 problems with analytic introspection?
extremely variable results per person
results are difficult to verify due to the focus on invisible inner mental processes
Who is associated with the behaviorism approach?
John Watson
Behaviorism
study directly observable behavior
Little Albert experiment
Watson and Rayner (1920). Tested classical conditioning with a white, fluffy rat
What did experimental psychologists learn from introspection and behaviorism?
introspective methods for studying mental events are not specific
we need to study mental events in order to understand behavior
Transcendental method
reason backward from observations to determine the cause
cognitive psychologists study mental events ____
indirectly
What book and written by whom had a major influence on the cognitive revolution?
Cognitive Psychology (1967) by Ulric Neisser
Who is considered the “father of cognitive psychology”?
Ulric Neisser
What was Edward Tolman’s argument?
Learning also involved acquisition of new knowledge. He demonstrated that learning could occur without changes in behavior using rats in a maze.
Tolman demonstrated that rats acquire a ____ of their locations without changes in behavior
cognitive map
What was the behaviorism argument regarding the path of behaviorism to the cognitive revolution?
Language acquisition and use could be understood in terms of behaviors and rewards
What was Noam Chomsy’s argument regarding the path of behaviorism to the cognitive revolution?
He argued that language acquisition and how to understand it does not explain the creativity in language.
What was the argument of Gestalt psychologists regarding the cognitive revolution?
They argued that mental processes and behaviors cannot be understood without considering the “whole”
What was Bartlett’s suggestion regarding the cognitive revolution?
People spontaneously use schemas to interpret experiences and aid memory
Information-processing approach
The human mind might use processes and procedures like a computer
cognitive neuroscience
study of the brain and nervous system to understand mental functioning
clinical neuropsychology
study of brain functions based on damaged brain structures
