Formal Charge

Oxygen

0- 2 single bonds, 2 LP

+1- 3 single bonds , 1 LP

-1- 1 single bonds, 3 LP

Nitrogen

0- 3 single bonds, 1 LP

+1- 4 single bonds , 0 LP

-1- 2 single bonds, 2 LP

Carbon

0- 4 single bonds, 0 LP

+1- 3 single bonds , 0 LP

-1- 3 single bonds, 1 LP

Formal charge =

Valence e- - (bonds + LP)

cyclopropane

(triangle) c3h6

cyclobutane

Square C4H8

cyclohexane

C6H12 (hexagon)

cis bonds

same side, tight steric interactions

trans bonds

opposite sides, more stable, force is more spread out

Electronegativity pattern

increases up and to the right

Alkane

arrow with R group at the end

Cn H2n+2

Alkene

C=C

Alkyne

Benzene

Consists of a ring of six carbon atoms with alternating single and double carbon-carbon bonds.

Fluoro

Bromo

Chloro

Iodo

single bonded elements

Alcohol

R-OH

Ether

R-O-R

Ester

ketone

aldyhyde

Acid Chloride

R-C=O-Cl

carboxylic acid

Thiol

R-SH

Thioether

R-S-R

Disulfide

R-S-S-R

AMIDE

Primary Amine

Secondary

Tertiary

R-NH2

R-NH-H2

R-N-R (extra R below N)

Secondary Imine

(primary)

primary has one less R

nitro

Nitride

carbon by numbers (chains)

1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12

meth,eth,prop,but,pent,hex,hept,oct,non,dec,undec,dodec

Branched structures are called

Isomers

Constitutional isomers

same formula different structure

Primary carbon is bonded too

1C and 3 others

Secondary carbon

2 C and 2 other

Tertiary carbon

3 C and 1 other

quaternary carbon

4 carbons no other

propyl

iso propyl

Butyl

-CH2CH2CH2CH3

iso butyl

sec butyl

Tert Butyl

methyl

ch3 to ch to ch2 ch2

ethyl group

zig to branch

Rules for naming - ALKANES

1. identify longest C chain

2. number C so that the substituents get the lowest #, if same number is obtained, go by alphabet

3.write name with alphabet subs. seperate # and words with dash and # with comma. Chain name comes last

Rules for naming - Cyclic

1. # carbon ring

2.number sub. with lowest #, alphabet if 2, lowest # if 3

Functional priority groups rules

1. find c chain w/ highest priority group

2. #cahin/ring so highest FGgets lowest #

3. change ending pf parent name to suffix name of whatever FG is present.

Highest priority

Carboxylic acid - oic acid

lowest priority

Alkane - ane

eth/oxy

2 carbon chain on ether/ oxygen (o/\Ch3

meth/oxy

one carbon chain/ oxygen o-

prop/ oxy

3 carbon chain/ oxygen 0/\/

acid

contains the atom that is e- deficient. Positive/ partial positive, electrophile - likes e-, attracted to neg/partial neg charge.

base

contains atoms that are e- rich. Neg/ partial neg, nucleophile- likes nucleus, attracted to +/ partial +

Bronsted-Lowry acid

proton donor (H+)

Bronsted-Lowry base

proton acceptor

Lewis acid

electron pair acceptor

Lewis base

electron pair donor

conjugate acid

losses a proton (was formally an acid)

Conjugate Base

gains a proton (formally a base)