Abdominal Cavity and Viscera

peritoneum

lines the abdominal cavity like a sleeping bag or a fist in the inflated baloon situation we saw in the thoracic cavity

intraperitoneal, extraperitoneal

organs can be inside of the bag, _________ or outside the bad ______

parietal peritoneum, visceral peritoneum

the peritoneum is a 2 layer serous membrane with one layer that lines the abdominopelvic wall _________ ______ and a layer that invests the viscera _________ _______

embryonic development

intraperitoneal and extraperitoneal organs are a result of their ________ _______

organs covered by the visceral peritoneum

intraperitoneal organs are what

stomach

organ that is completely intraperitoneal (other than spleen)

liver

organ that is covered except a bare area on the posterior aspect of the right lobe that is in direct contact with the diaphragm

gallbladder

organ that is partial intraperionteal (neck and hepatic surface are not)

spleen

organ that is completely intraperitoneal (other than stomach)

jejunum and ileum, and proximal portion of duodenum

what parts of the small intestine are considered intraperitoneal organs

transverse colon and sigmoid colon

what parts of the large intestine are considered intraperionteal organs

extraperitoneal organs

any organ outside the peritoneal cavity, includes both retroperitoneal and subperitoneal organs

primary and secondary retroperitoneal organs

what are the 2 different types of retroperitoneal organs

primary retroperitoneal

this is the type of retroperitoneal organ that is never intraperitoneal

secondary retroperitoneal organ

type of retroperitoneal organ that started intraperitoneal but during development moved posterior and became attached to the posterior abdominal wall

primary retroperitoneal organs

kidneys

adrenal glands

ureters

aorta

inferior vena cava

secondary retroperitoneal organs

pancreas (except tail)

dudoenum (2-4th parts)

ascending colon

descending colon

rectum (upper part)

subperitoneal organs

organs that are below the peritoneum and are only covered on their superior surface

bladder

prostate

uterus and upper vagina

rectum (lower part)

pelvic ureters

peritoneal cavity

space that is within the abdominal cavity and continue into the pelvic cavity

parietal and visceral

peritoneal cavity is a POTENTIAL thin space between the ________ and ________ layers of peritoneum

peritoneal fluid

the peritoneal cavity contains a thin film of _______ _____ that keeps the peritoneal surfaces moist and lubricates the peritoneal surfaces, enabling the viscera to move over each other without friction and allowing the movements of digestion

leukocytes and antibodies

the peritoneal fluid contains ________ and ________ that resist infection

completely closed

the peritoneal cavity in males is (closed/not closed)

not closed

the peritoneal cavity in females is (closed/not closed)

uterine tubes, uterine cavity, and vagina

the peritoneal cavity is not a completely closed pathway to the exterior of the body through the _______ _____, ________ _______, and __________

infection

the opening in the peritoneal cavity in women is a potential pathway of _________ from the exterior

NONE

what organs are in the peritoneal cavity

parietal peritoneum

same blood and somatic nerve supply as the region of the abdominopelvic wall it lines

pressure, pain, heat, and cold

the parietal peritoneum is sensitive to what

well localized

the pain from the parietal peritoneum is generally _______ ______

visceral peritoneum

same blood and the same visceral nerve supply as the organs it covers

stretching and chemical irritation

the visceral peritoneum is stimulated primarily by what

poorly localized

pain from the visceral peritoneum is generally ______ ______

peritoneal "specilizations"

layers of peritoneum that suspend organs, provide neurovascular pathways, or function as protective "aprons"

mesentery

double layer of peritoneum around intraperitoneal organs

- attaches intraperitoneal organs to the posterior wall

- contains blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves, fat, and lymph nodes

1. serves as a support and conduit or vessels and nerves

2. allows viscera to be mobile

what are the 2 functions of the mesentery

greater omentum

4 layers of peritoneum

- attaches to the greater curvature of the stomach and "drapes" over intestines

- contains fat and immune tissues

1. protective and insulation

2. immune function

what are 2 major functions of the greater omentum

lesser omentum

2 layers of peritoneum

- attaches the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach and duodenum

- contains "portal triad"

portal triad

proper hepatic artery, portal vein, common bile duct

portal vein

nutrient processing, detoxification, immune filtration

supports portal structures

what is the function of the lesser omentum

abdominal viscera

principle viscera of the abdomen are the terminal portion of esophagus, stomach, intestines, spleen, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, kidneys, and suprarenal galnds

gastrointestinal (GI) tract

esophagus, stomach, and intestine

bolus

mastication food is called what

esophagus

masticated food (bolus) enters the stomach from what

chyme

when bolus is mixed with gastric juices it is now called what

pylorus (last part of stomach), duodenum (1st part of small intestines)

once chyme is created by the bolus meeting gastric juices it then moves through ________ into the _________

small intestines

absoprtion occurs in the ______ ______

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

what are the 3 parts of the small intestine, in order

peristalsis, cecum

after the chyme is moved through the 3 parts of the small intestine by _________ it enters the _______ of the large intestine

water, bacteria

as fecal material moves through the large intestine _______ is absorbed and _______ complete the digestion process

vitamin K and B

what 2 vitamins are produced in the breaking down in the large intestines

semisolid feces

when the chyme reaches the ascending and transverse colon what is formed

solid feces

when the chyme reaches the descending and sigmoid colon what is formed

cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon

what is the order of the large intestines

rectum

"fully formed" feces (stools) are stored in the ________ until defecation

pharynx to stomach

esophagus is a muscular tube extending from ______ to _______

esophageal hiatus

the esophagus passes through the ______ ______ of the diaphragm

physiologic inferior esophageal sphincter

esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm forms a ______ ______ _______ _____

reflux of gastric contents

the esophageal sphincter prevents what

chyme

"food blender" and reservoir

- gastric juices convert food into semiliquid mixture called ______

cardia and cardial orifice

first part of the stomach, opening to receive the bolus from the esophagus

fundus

superior part of stomach (from diaphragm to cardial orifice)

body

major part of the stomach

- lies between the fundus and the pyloric antrum

pyloric part

part of the stomach distal to body

- funnel shaped region

pyloric antrum

wide part connecting to body of stomach

pyloric canal

narrow part after antrum

pylorus

spincter region at the end of the pyloric canal

pyloric orifice, duodenum

the pylorus sphincter is a circular layer of smooth muscle that controls discharge of the stomach contents through the ______ ______ into the ________

lesser curvature, angular incisure (notch), greater curvature

what are the curvatures of the stomach

lesser curvature

shorter concave border of the stomach

angular incisure (notch)

sharp indentation along the elsser curvature

body and pyloric

the angular incisure approximates the junction of the ______ and ________ portions of the stomach

greater curvature

longer convex border of the stomach

pylorus, ileocecal junction

the small intestine extends from the _______ of the stomach to the _________ _______

duodenum

shortest and widest part of the small intestine

extraperitoneal, fixed part

because the distal portion of the duodenum is _________, it is also the most ______ ______ of the small intestine

pylorus, duodenojejunal junction

the duodenum begins at the ______ and ends at the _________ _______

superior, descending, inferior, ascending

what are the 4 parts of duodenum

superior part (1st)

part of duodenum that is short (approximately 5 cm), mostly horizontal and lies anterolateral to the body of L1 vertebra

descending part (2nd)

part of duodenum that runs vertically along the right sides of the L2 and L3 vertebrae

- bile duct and main pancreatic ducts enter its posteromedial wall

inferior part (3rd)

part of duodenum that crosses anterior to the inferior vena cava and aorta and posterior to the superior mesenteric artery and vein at the level of the L3 vertebra

ascending part (4th)

what part of the duodenum joins the jejunum at the duodejejunal junction forming an acute angle

duodenojejunal flexure

transition point between retroperitoneal to intraperitoneal portion of the small intestine

- acute angle formed by the junction of the 4th part of duodenum and jejunum at duodenojujunal junction

more

the jejunum is (more/less) mobile than the duodenum

secretin and cholecystokinin

the duodenum produces _______ and __________ (hormones)

bile and pancreatic juice

secretin and cholecystokinin are hormones that mediate the secretion of _______ and _______ _______ into the duodenum to assist in the digestion of chyme

jejunum and ileum

parts of small intestines together that are 6-7 m long in cadavers (shorter in living becasue of contractile state)

shorter

jejunum is the (shorter/longer) part of the small intestine in comparison to ileum

- about 2.5 m in cadaver

ileum

typically at least part lies in the pelvis before ascending to meet the cecum of the large intestine

enteric nervous system

intestine is insensitive to most pain stimuli, including cutting and burning; however, it is sensitive to sudden distention ("gas pains") and transient ischemia from abnormally long contractions that are perceived as colic (spasmodic abdominal pains)

sympathetic innervation

in general reduced secretion and motility of the intestine and acts as a vasoconstrictor, reducing or stopping digestion

presynaptic sympathetic fibers

originate in the T8-T10 segments

- pass through the sympathetic trunks and thoracic abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves

- synapse on cell bodies of postsynaptic sympathetic neurons in the prevertebral ganglia (celiac and superior mesenteric)

parasympathetic innervation

in general increases secretion and motility of the intestine, restoring digestive activity after a sympathetic reaction

posterior vagal trunk, right vagus

parasympathetic innervations originate primarily from the _______ _____ ____ which is an extension of the _____ _____ nerve coming out of the esophageal plexus

myenteric and submucous

presynaptic parasympathetic fibers synapse with postsynaptic parasympathetic neurons in the ________ and _______ plexuses in the intestinal wall

visceral pain afferent

follow sympathetic fibers

- stimulated by ischemia, inflammation, cramping, sharp distention

- generally conscious pain

visceral afferent physiologic reflex afferents

follow parasympathetic fibers

- stimulated by distention (non-pain), motility, chemical composition, satiety signals

- generally unconscious