09.A BIO, C1 The Work of Gregor Mendel (PART A)

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31 Terms

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Inheritance

The process in which genetic material is passed from parents to their offspring

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Genetics

The study of heredity

<p>The study of heredity</p>
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Trait

A specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another

<p>A specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another</p>
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Gene

The sequence of nucleotides on a chromosome that codes for a protein and determines a trait

<p>The sequence of nucleotides on a chromosome that codes for a protein and determines a trait</p>
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Allele

A form of a gene; for example, the gene for flower color could produce either purple flowers or white flowers

<p>A form of a gene; for example, the gene for flower color could produce either purple flowers or white flowers</p>
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Self-pollination

The fusion of sperm and egg produced by the same individual organism

<p>The fusion of sperm and egg produced by the same individual organism</p>
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Cross-pollination

The process by which sperm from one flower's pollen fertilizes the eggs in a flower of a different plant; also known as cross-fertilization

<p>The process by which sperm from one flower's pollen fertilizes the eggs in a flower of a different plant; also known as cross-fertilization</p>
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Dominant

A trait that will show up in an organism's phenotype if gene is present

<p>A trait that will show up in an organism's phenotype if gene is present</p>
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Recessive

A trait that will only appear in the phenotype if organism inherits two of them; covered up by the dominant gene

<p>A trait that will only appear in the phenotype if organism inherits two of them; covered up by the dominant gene</p>
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True-breeding

Inherited two identical alleles for a trait; homozygous or purebred

<p>Inherited two identical alleles for a trait; homozygous or purebred</p>
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Segregation

The separation of alleles during meiosis or gamete formation

<p>The separation of alleles during meiosis or gamete formation</p>
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Gamete

Sex cell; sperm or egg

<p>Sex cell; sperm or egg</p>
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Independent assortment

Homologous chromosomes randomly line up and separate during meiosis

<p>Homologous chromosomes randomly line up and separate during meiosis</p>
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Hybrid

The offspring of a cross between parents with different traits; heterozygous

<p>The offspring of a cross between parents with different traits; heterozygous</p>
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Principle of Dominance

Mendel's conclusion that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive and dominant alleles mask or cover up recessive alleles when present

<p>Mendel's conclusion that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive and dominant alleles mask or cover up recessive alleles when present</p>
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Law of Segregation

Mendel's Law that states that factors (alleles) for the same trait separate during gamete formation

<p>Mendel's Law that states that factors (alleles) for the same trait separate during gamete formation</p>
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Law of Independent Assortment

Mendel's second law, stating that each allele pair segregates independently during gamete formation; applies when genes for two characteristics are located on different pairs of homologous chromosomes

<p>Mendel's second law, stating that each allele pair segregates independently during gamete formation; applies when genes for two characteristics are located on different pairs of homologous chromosomes</p>
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Gregor Mendel

Austrian monk and botanist whose experiments in breeding garden peas led to his eventual recognition as founder of the science of genetics (1822-1884); experiments with pea plants led to the law of dominance, independent assortment, and segregation.

<p>Austrian monk and botanist whose experiments in breeding garden peas led to his eventual recognition as founder of the science of genetics (1822-1884); experiments with pea plants led to the law of dominance, independent assortment, and segregation.</p>
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Flower

Reproductive structure of the plant

<p>Reproductive structure of the plant</p>
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Stamen

Male parts of the plant that include the anther, filament and pollen

<p>Male parts of the plant that include the anther, filament and pollen</p>
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Carpel

Female parts of the plant that include the stigma, style, ovary, ovule

<p>Female parts of the plant that include the stigma, style, ovary, ovule</p>
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Pollen

A fine powdery substance, typically yellow, consisting of microscopic grains produced by the male part of a flower; each grain contains a male gamete that can fertilize the female ovule, when transported by the wind, insects, or other animals; male gamete

<p>A fine powdery substance, typically yellow, consisting of microscopic grains produced by the male part of a flower; each grain contains a male gamete that can fertilize the female ovule, when transported by the wind, insects, or other animals; male gamete</p>
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Ovule

A structure that develops within the ovary of a seed plant that contains the female germ cell and after fertilization becomes the seed; female gamete

<p>A structure that develops within the ovary of a seed plant that contains the female germ cell and after fertilization becomes the seed; female gamete</p>
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P Generation

Parental generation, the first two individuals that mate in a genetic cross

<p>Parental generation, the first two individuals that mate in a genetic cross</p>
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F1 Generation

The first generation of offspring obtained from an experimental cross of two organisms

<p>The first generation of offspring obtained from an experimental cross of two organisms</p>
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F2 Generation

The second generation of offspring obtained from an experimental cross of two F1 organisms

<p>The second generation of offspring obtained from an experimental cross of two F1 organisms</p>
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Pea Traits (Examples)

Seed shape
Seed color
Flower color
Pod shape
Pod color
Flower Location
Plant height

<p>Seed shape<br>Seed color<br>Flower color<br>Pod shape<br>Pod color<br>Flower Location<br>Plant height</p>
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Genotype

An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations (i.e. TT, Tt, tt

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Phenotype

An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits (i.e. Tall/Short Plant, Purple/White Flowers)

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Heterozygous

An organism that has two different alleles for a trait (i.e. Tt, Rr, or Aa)

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Homozygous

An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait
(i.e. TT/tt, RR/rr, or AA/aa)