World History Honors Vocab Final Exam (French/Latin Revolution + Industrial Revolution)

Peninsular War

Conflict fought between Spain, Portugal, & Napoleonic France./The war, where Napoleon had lost 300,000 men.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Was sent to military school by his parents, when he was nine years old. He finished school, and became a lieutenant in the artillery, and then joined the army of the new government. He had greeted thousands of royalists with a cannonade, becoming the hero of the hour and was hailed throughout Paris.  He was hailed as the savior of the French Republic. Ruled France during the French Revolution.

Emigrés

Nobles, and others who had fled to France who wanted to undo the Revolution, and restore the Old Regime.

Tennis Court Oath

When the Third Estate delegates had broken down a door into an indoor tennis court, pledging to stay until they had come up with a new constitution. This pledge became known as this name.

Robespierre

Set out to build a “republic of virtue” by wiping out every trace of France’s past. He governed France virtually as a dictator. He justified his use of terror by suggesting that it enabled French citizens to remain true to the ideals of the Revolution. He saw a connection between virtue and terror. Leader of the Jacobins. Robespierre became leader of the Committee of Public Safety.

Reign of Terror

The period of Robespierre’s rule.

Napoleonic Code

That Napoleon had thought his greatest work was his comprehensive system of laws.

Congress of Vienna

A series of meetings in Vienna that were called to set up policies to achieve stability for the entire continent. Created a balance of power between the nations in Europe. The Congress had been given back  power to the royal families who were in ruling, before the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Era (legitimacy). It had allowed  French boundaries to remain the same. It had created a time of peace in Europe. It was a lasting peace. None of the five great powers waged war on one another for nearly 40 years, when Britain and France fought Russia in the Crimean War.

Battle of Waterloo

Where the British Army, led by the Duke of Wellington had prepared for battle, near the village of Waterloo in Belgium. (Battle fought between the French and British).

Great Fear

A wave of senseless panic.

Jacobins

A radical political organization. They strongly wanted a democracy, in which all men had the right to vote.

Estates General

An assembly of representatives from all three estates to approve Louis’ solution to impose taxes on the nobility.

National Convention

The Legislative had set aside the Constitution of 1791. It declared the king deposed, dissolved the assembly, and called for the election of a new legislature. This new governing body, the National Convention, took office on September 21. It quickly abolished the monarchy and declared France a republic. Adult male citizens were granted the right to vote and hold office. Women were not given the right to vote.

National Assembly

What Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyes had suggested that the Third Estate Delegates name themselves, and pass laws/reforms in the name of the French people.

Directory

Formed when The Constitution of 1795 had created a new government in which they named, “The Directory”. It was made up of an elected legislature, and an executive branch containing five directors. Within these branches, it was solely men who had the ability to read and own a significant amount of property that could vote. 

Committee of Public Safety

Its task was to protect the Revolution from its enemies. Under Robespierre’s leadership, the committee often had these “enemies” tried in the morning and guillotined in the afternoon. Robespierre justified his use of terror by suggesting that it enabled French citizens to remain true to the ideals of the Revolution.

Storming of the Bastille

On July 14, a mob searching for gunpowder and arms stormed the Bastille, a Paris prison. The mob overwhelmed the guard and seized control of the building. The angry attackers hacked the prison commander and several guards to death, and then paraded around the streets with the dead men’s heads on pikes.

Constitution of 1791

 Created a constitutional monarchy and made a network of separation of powers. It also gave equal rights to everyone. It got rid of the differences involving all three estates and divided the government into 3 branches: the king (executive), the Legislative Assembly (legislative), and the courts (judicial). Only men who paid their taxes could vote. This constitution reduced the king’s power and gave more rights to the people.

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Said, the main objective for France’s government would be democratic ideas. It’s main goal was equality for everyone. 

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

Allowed France’s government to have control over the Catholic Church. It also let people vote for the bishops and priests. 

Brunswick Manifesto

Made the people of Paris announce that no émigrés or foreign troops would destroy the revolution. The Duke of Brunswick made the French people come together to fight and protect the revolution.

Waterloo

Where the British army, led by the Duke of Wellington, prepared for battle near the village of.

1st Estate

5% of population , 10% of land, Pay no taxes, responsible for birth & death records of population.

2nd Estate

1.5% of population, 20% of land, nobility & privileged, little to no taxes, Emigres’.

3rd Estate

98% of population, 70% of land, laborers, bourgeoisie, merchants, artisans, peasants, farmers, poor, rich, etc. Paid most taxes in the country (Gov’t tax & religious tithe).

Jose de San Martin

Fought with Spanish forces against Napoleon. He returned to Latin America to be a part of its liberation from Spain. Fighting for 10 years, he became the liberator of Argentina, Chile, and Peru.

Simon Bolivar

A brilliant general, a visionary, a writer, and a fighter. He is called the “George Washington of South America.” Bolívar planned to unite the Spanish colonies of South America into a single country called Gran Colombia. The area of upper Peru was renamed Bolivia in his honor.

Miguel Hidalgo

A priest in the small village of Dolores, took the first step toward independence. Hidalgo was a poor but well-educated man. He firmly believed in Enlightenment ideals. On September 16, 1810, he rang the bells of his village church. When the peasants gathered in the church, he issued a call for rebellion against the Spanish.

Emperor Augustine de Iturbide

A creole officer, who had defeated the rebel Padre José María Morelos. /Proclaimed Mexico’s independence in 1821.

Roles of Creoles

Could not hold high-level political office, but they could rise as officers in Spanish colonial armies./Controlled land, wealth, and power in the Spanish colonies. United in support of Mexico’s independence from Spain.

Roles of Peninsulares

Held high office in the Spanish colonial government. /Controlled land, wealth, and power in the Spanish colonies.

Role of Mestizos

Began a march toward Mexico City.

Battle of Ayacucho

The battle where Bolívar’s army went on to defeat the Spanish. In this last major battle of the war for independence, the Spanish colonies in Latin America won their freedom. The future countries of Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador were united into a country called Gran Colombia.

United Provinces of Central America

The name Central America had taken, when they had declared its absolute independence from Mexico. The future countries of Nicaragua, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, and Costa Rica would develop in this region.

Empire of Mexico

An empire run by Emperor Augustine de Iturbide. Augustine de Iturbide had defeated the past emperor José María Morelos. He had proclaimed the country’s independence. Before the Mexican Revolution, Central America was part of the viceroyalty of New Spain. It had been governed by the Spanish from the seat of colonial government in Mexico. In 1821, several Central American states declared their independence from Spain and from Mexico as well. However, Iturbide (who had declared himself emperor), refused to recognize the declarations of independence. Iturbide was finally overthrown in 1823.

Gran Colombia

What the future countries of Venezuela, Colombia, Panama and Ecuador were united into a country, and called this.

Electric Battery

The first device that was able to create a stable electric current, invented by Alessandro Volta.

Steamboats

The invention made by Robert Fulton. He named this steamboat the Clermont, which made its first triumphant trip in 1807. They are, boats powered by a steam engine.

Urbanization

City building and the movement of people to cities.

Entrepreneur

A person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business.

Telegraph

A communication device that sent messages over long distances, invented by Samuel Morse.

Pasteurization

 A heat treatment process that fully gets rid of pathogenic organisms in specific drinks and foods. Invented by Louis Pasteur.

McCormick Reaper

Invented by Cyrus McCormick. Became one of the most significant of the labor saving devices.

Assembly Line

A production progress that splits up the manufacture of a good into steps that are finished in a sequence, to make a finished product.

Interchangeable Parts

Similar components that could be used to build products. Had made possible for products to be made more helpfully.

Capitalism

An economic system in which the factors of production is privately owned and money is invested in business ventures to make a profit.

Communism

A form of complete socialism in which the means of production—all land, mines, factories, railroads, and businesses—would be owned by the people.

Socialism

The factors of production are owned by the public and operated for the welfare of all. Socialism grew out of an optimistic view of human nature, a belief in progress, and a concern for social justice.