Conditions Units 1-4

What is the definition of etiology in the context of disease?

Etiology refers to the cause of a disease, helping to understand client needs and intervention strategies.

What are chronic diseases most often attributed to?

Chronic diseases are most often attributed to lifestyle factors such as poor diet, lack of exercise, and tobacco use.

What are acquired diseases?

Acquired diseases are conditions that develop over one's lifespan and may be genetic, environmental, or a combination of both.

What are congenital conditions?

Congenital conditions are apparent at birth or shortly after, such as Cerebral Palsy.

What causes genetic conditions?

Genetic conditions are caused by changes in DNA structure, which can be mutations, chromosome damage, or environmental factors.

What are heritable genetic disorders?

Heritable genetic disorders are inherited diseases caused by mutations in a single gene, also known as monogenic diseases.

What does idiopathic mean?

Idiopathic refers to cases where the cause of a disease cannot be determined, often due to many possible causes.

What is the focus of epidemiology?

Epidemiology is the study of the distribution, frequencies, and determinants of disease, injury, and disability in human populations.

What is incidence in epidemiology?

Incidence is the number of new cases of disease, injury, or disability within a specified time frame, typically a year.

What is prevalence in epidemiology?

Prevalence is the total number of cases of disease, injury, or disability in a population at a specific point in time.

What does 'person-first language' mean?

Person-first language refers to acknowledging the person before their diagnosis, e.g., saying 'a child with autism' instead of 'an autistic kid.'

What is Cerebral Palsy?

Cerebral Palsy is a group of disorders affecting motor control and muscle tone due to abnormal brain development or damage.

What prenatal factors can influence the development of Cerebral Palsy?

Prenatal factors include genetic mutations, placental insufficiency, and maternal conditions like preeclampsia.

What are the types of Cerebral Palsy?

Types include Spastic, Dyskinetic, Ataxic, and Mixed, each characterized by different movement and muscle tone issues.

What are primary motor symptoms of Cerebral Palsy?

Primary motor symptoms include spasticity, weakness, reduced coordination, and abnormal movement patterns.

What is Spastic Hemiplegia?

Spastic Hemiplegia involves one entire side of the body, affecting the head, neck, and trunk.

What interventions may be used for managing Cerebral Palsy?

Interventions may include medical imaging, pharmacological treatments like baclofen, and therapy to enhance function.

What precautions should be taken for clients with an intrathecal baclofen pump?

Precautions include avoiding pressure on the pump site and ensuring safe positioning to prevent dislodging.

What is Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease?

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease is a hereditary neuropathy that affects peripheral nerves, leading to muscle weakness and atrophy.

What are common non-motor symptoms associated with Cerebral Palsy?

Non-motor symptoms may include epilepsy, sensory deficits, communication difficulties, and cognitive impairment.

What is the significance of monitoring for pressure sores in clients with spasticity?

Monitoring for pressure sores is crucial as clients with spasticity may be at higher risk due to immobility and muscle tone issues.

What is the role of pharmacological management in Cerebral Palsy?

Pharmacological management may include muscle relaxants, anti-seizure medications, and treatments for gastrointestinal issues.

What is the impact of environmental toxins on genetic conditions?

Environmental toxins can lead to acquired genetic conditions by causing mutations or damage to DNA.

What is the relationship between genetics and mental health conditions?

Many mental health conditions have a multifactorial cause, with genetics playing a role in some cases.

What are common examples of heritable genetic disorders?

Examples include Cystic Fibrosis and Sickle Cell Anemia.

What is the importance of understanding etiology in healthcare?

Understanding etiology helps in developing effective interventions and care strategies tailored to individual client needs.

What causes Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease?

Primarily caused by genetic mutations affecting proteins responsible for the structure and function of peripheral nerves.

What are the symptoms of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease?

Symptoms include muscle weakness, atrophy, sensory deficits, and difficulties with balance and coordination.

What interventions are available for Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease?

Interventions include therapy, orthotic devices, orthopedic surgeries, and pharmacological treatments for pain management.

What is the most common cause of Down syndrome?

Trisomy 21, which involves having three copies of chromosome 21 due to chromosomal development errors.

What are the common physical features of Down syndrome?

Flat facial profile and slanted eyes.

What complications can arise from Down syndrome?

Cognitive impairment, congenital heart defects, hypotonia, and ligament laxity.

What are the types of muscular dystrophy?

Types include Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, Becker Muscular Dystrophy, and Limb Girdle Muscular Dystrophy.

What characterizes Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?

It is the most common type, affecting males, with symptoms starting at ages 3-4 and leading to wheelchair dependence by ages 12-15.

What distinguishes Becker Muscular Dystrophy from Duchenne?

Becker progresses more slowly and has a wider onset age, typically between 5-60 years.

What is Guillain-Barré syndrome?

An acute neurological condition where the immune system attacks peripheral nerves, often following an infection.

What are the symptoms of Guillain-Barré syndrome?

Symptoms include symmetrical muscle weakness, sensory disturbances, and in some cases, paralysis.

What are the medical interventions for Guillain-Barré syndrome?

Plasmapheresis or intravenous immunoglobulin therapy to reduce severity and duration of symptoms.

What precautions should be taken for patients with reduced sensation in extremities?

Regular skin checks for injury and awareness of balance issues.

What is the impact of hypotonia in individuals with Down syndrome?

It increases the risk of falling and may require careful management during therapy.

What are the health management strategies for muscular dystrophy?

Monitor respiration, avoid overexertion, and manage complications like joint contractures.

What is the role of pharmacological treatment in managing Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease?

Medications can help alleviate pain, including NSAIDs and specific neuropathic pain medications like Gabapentin.

What are the potential complications of muscular dystrophy?

Complications can include joint contractures, scoliosis, and respiratory issues.

What should be avoided in therapy for patients with ligament laxity?

Aggressive stretching and overexertion should be avoided to prevent injury.

What is the significance of early intervention in Down syndrome?

Early intervention can help address developmental delays and improve outcomes in motor skills.

What is the typical progression of muscle weakness in Limb Girdle Muscular Dystrophy?

Weakness often starts in the pelvic girdle and shoulders, and progression may not be symmetrical.

What is a common characteristic of Guillain-Barré syndrome recovery?

Recovery can last from weeks to months, with peak weakness occurring within 2-4 weeks.

What should be monitored in patients with muscular dystrophy during therapy?

Monitor for muscle damage, respiration, and skin integrity.

What are the major causes of limb amputations?

Vascular disease (54%), trauma (including burns, 45%), and cancer (less than 2%).

What is the difference between major and minor limb amputations?

Major limb amputations occur proximal to the wrist or ankle, while minor limb amputations occur distal to the wrist or ankle.

What is a transhumeral amputation?

An amputation above the elbow (AE).

What are common complications of limb absence?

Terminal overgrowth, general residual limb pain, neuromas, heterotopic ossification, and phantom pain sensations.

What is the role of therapy after amputation?

Therapists assist with edema management, functional training, and prosthesis management.

What medications are commonly used for pain management after amputation?

NSAIDs, opioids, gabapentin for neuropathic pain, and antibiotics to prevent infection.

What is a pathological fracture?

A fracture that occurs in weakened bone due to pathological conditions such as tumors or osteoarthritis.

What are the types of bone fractures?

Stable, open compound, transverse, oblique, and comminuted fractures.

What are the four stages of bone healing?

1) Inflammatory phase, 2) Repair phase, 3) Endochondral ossification phase, 4) Bone remodeling phase.

What is the most common type of humerus fracture?

Proximal humerus fractures, usually occurring from a fall on the shoulder.

What is a supracondylar fracture?

A fracture at the distal end of the humerus that can injure nerves and arteries.

What is the typical management for hip fractures in adults over 50?

Often managed with ORIF (open reduction and internal fixation) or hemiarthroplasty.

What is nociceptive pain?

Pain detected by nociceptors in soft tissue, often associated with actual or potential tissue damage.

What is neuropathic pain?

Pain associated with damage to neural tissue, often described as electrical, burning, or shooting.

What is the inflammatory response to an acute injury?

The body responds with an acute vascular and cellular inflammatory response, increasing blood flow and mobilizing cells to the area.

What characterizes fibromyalgia?

Widespread musculoskeletal pain with tenderness and stiffness, often accompanied by fatigue, sleep problems, and mood disturbances.

What interventions are used for localized pain relief?

Topical analgesics, trigger point injections, dry needling, and corticosteroid injections.

What safety precautions should be taken for patients with fractures?

Review physician's orders, be aware of symptoms of complex regional pain syndrome, and avoid putting pressure on surgical incisions.

What is the estimated healing time for uncomplicated fractures in adults?

6-8 weeks for upper limb fractures and 12-16 weeks for lower limb fractures.

What are the contraindications for patients with unstable fractures?

They might displace spontaneously if motion occurs.

What is the primary reason clients seek medical advice regarding musculoskeletal conditions?

Pain, which serves as a guide and establishes boundaries.

What is a Colles fracture?

A distal radius fracture with dorsal displacement caused by a fall on an outstretched hand.

What is a Smith fracture?

A distal radius fracture with volar displacement caused by a fall on the back of the hand.

What are the common interventions for distal radius fractures?

Immobilization and surgical fixation.

What is the typical treatment duration for a scaphoid fracture?

Immobilization via cast for 8 to 10 weeks.

What are some complications to prevent in fractures?

Uncontrolled edema, joint contractures, nerve compression, tendon ruptures, stiffness, and complex regional pain syndrome.

What role does therapy play in fracture recovery?

Normalizing edema, achieving normal range of motion, returning function, and promoting occupational engagement.

What medications are commonly used for pain management in fractures?

NSAIDs and/or opioids.

What is adhesive capsulitis?

Also known as frozen shoulder, it involves pain and stiffness in the shoulder due to immobilization or trauma.

What are the phases of adhesive capsulitis?

The freezing phase (2-9 months), frozen phase (up to 1 year), and thawing phase (up to 26 months).

What causes rotator cuff impingement?

Repeated compression of structures in the subacromial space, often leading to pain during overhead movements.

What is lateral epicondylosis, also known as tennis elbow?

A condition caused by overuse of the extensor muscles at their origin, leading to pain on the lateral epicondyle.

What is medial epicondylosis, also known as golfer's elbow?

A condition caused by overuse of the flexor muscles at their origin, leading to pain and tenderness on the medial epicondyle.

What is De Quervain's tenosynovitis?

Inflammation of the extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus tendons, often caused by overuse.

What is a common symptom of wrist TFCC injury?

Pain during gripping and ulnar deviation, often requiring arthroscopic debridement.

What is trigger finger?

A condition where the flexor tendon becomes inflamed, causing a popping or catching sensation during finger movement.

What is Dupuytren's contracture?

A condition characterized by cording and nodules of the palmar fascia, often requiring surgery for correction.

What are the signs of complex regional pain syndrome?

Intense prolonged pain, sensitivity to touch, changes in skin texture, swelling, and stiffness.

What is the recommended approach for managing acute soft tissue injuries?

Using the RICE method (Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation) and gentle stretching.

What is tendinitis?

An inflammation or irritation of a tendon, often causing pain and swelling that worsens with use.

What is tendinosis?

A degenerative condition of the tendon due to repetitive microtears, leading to disorganized collagen fibers.

What are the common provocative tests for lateral epicondylosis?

Cozen's test, Mill's test, and Maudsley's test.

What is the role of pharmacological interventions in soft tissue injuries?

To manage pain and inflammation, often using NSAIDs or opioids.

What is the significance of proprioception in rehabilitation?

It is crucial for functional activities and contributes to wrist stability.

What is the impact of surgical incisions on rehabilitation?

Care must be taken to avoid placing pressure on the surgical site to prevent complications.

What should be avoided for clients with acute new soft tissue injury?

The use of heat modalities, as they can increase inflammation.

What precautions should be taken during range of motion (ROM) exercises?

Monitor for increased pain or swelling and avoid vigorous activity or aggressive stretching.

What is required if more than half of a tendon is lacerated?

Surgery will be required.

What is the function of the flexor tendon synovial sheath?

It provides lubrication to the tendons.

What is bowstringing in relation to flexor tendons?

It occurs when tendons are pulled away from the bone during muscle contraction.

What is the purpose of immobilization with an orthosis for tendon injuries?

To allow the tendon to heal by blocking the finger from extending too far.

What does the Duran protocol involve for flexor tendon injuries?

Providing passive range of motion (PROM) for finger flexion and extension within a dorsal blocking orthosis.