OCR B GEOGRAPHY PAPER 2

what is urbanisation

is the growth in the proportion of a country's population living in urban areas

What is a megacity?

is a urban area with over 10 million people

how is mega city different to world city

world city has influence over the whole world and world cities are centred for trade and buisness

what is meant by rural urban migration

is the movement of people from the countryside to cities

explain what internal growth is

is when the birth rate is more than death rate

how can internal growth increase urbanisation in LIDC

lidc young people move to cities and find work these migrants have kids increasing cities population.
urban areas have good healthcare which lowers infant mortality rate increasing urban population

one benefit of rapid urban growth in lidc

help increase wealth and economic

social problems of rapid urban growth in lidc

not enough houses
people living in squatter settlements
diseases being spread
high level of crime

economic problem of rapid urban growth in lidc

not enough jobs
more informal sector
people not having education and unable to develop skill for better job

environmental problem of rapid urban growth in lidc

big rubbish heaps cause toxins in air
toxic chemicals harm wildlife

what is suburbanisation

movement of people from city centres to the outskirts

Push factors of suburbanisation

lower quality of life e.g pollution high crime rate

Pull factors of suburbanisation

greater open spaces = cleaner environment
wider range of employment opportunities
lower house prices

economic/social consequences of suburbanisation

buildings in city centre abandoned
leading to city centre becoming run down
shops restaurants struggle for customers and close
business leave unemployment increases
leading to poverty

environmental consequences of suburbanisation

new housing estate built and may harm wildlife
this increase of surface run off
leading to risk of flooding

what is counter urbanisation

movement of people away from large urban areas to smaller settlements and rural areas

Push factors of counter urbanisation

problem with traffic congenstion
housing being expensive

pull factor of counter urbanisation

houses are bigger and have more outside space
improved communication service
means that companies can move to rural area
as land is cheaper
therefore creating more jobs

positive/economic impacts of counter urbanisation

increase in business
farmers make money by selling unwanted land or building

social/negative impact of counter urbanisation

creates more demand of housing
this means that houses price increase
therefore leading to younger people not affording to buy a house
leading to population with more older people

environmental impact of counter urbanisation

more people own cars
this means that there will be additional traffic
therefore leading to increase air pollution

what is re-urbanisation

movement of people back into into urban areas

pull factor for re-urbanisation

universities so young people have education and stay
young live close to work in area with entertaintment

push factor for re-urbanisation

lack of jobs
fewer leisure or entertainment facilites
high housing prices

economic/postive impact on re urbanisation

people move to city centre new shops open
increases city economy
local state schools could benefit from increase student number

two examples of physical factors that negatively affect development

poor climate
poor location

how might drc Congo location affect how developed it is

drc congo is landlocked
it makes it harder and expensive to transport goods in and out of country

how might countries climate affect their development

reduces amount of food produced
less to spend on good and services
less money from government taxes

how might high tourism population affect its development

can increase income
money can be used to increase level of development

human factors that can influence the development of a country

conflict
debt

stages of rosters model

traditional society
preconditions
take off
drive to maturity
mass consumption

wetland is on take off stage
describe feature of development that expect to happen

next stage is drive to maturity as economy grows people get wealthier.then will move to mass consumption when there is alot of trade

what was the purpose of millennium development goals

to improve life in lidc country

give two millennium development goals

reduce death rates in children
all children had primary education

What is debt relief?

where some or all of a country's debt is cancelled

difference between top down and bottom up aid

bottom up is where money is given directly to local people
top down when organisation or government receives aid and decides how to spend it

advantage of top down

used for large projects
improve countries economy

disadvantage of top down

country may pay back money
not benefit everyone

advantage of bottom. up

locals have a say
project help locals earn money

difference between short term and long term aid

short term is when aid sent to help countries cope with emergencies whereas long term aid is aid given over s long period

advantage of long term aid

project improve life
may help build trade

advantage of short term aid

give immediate relief
country recover fast

disadvantage of short term aid

rebuilding bulidings
food aid may limit price

What is a TNC?

transnational corporation

adavantage of tnc

create jobs
new tech and skill brought to country

Disadvantage of TNCs

employee may be paid low
job created aren't secure

how can trade increase development of lidc

create jobs
this improve people standard of living

problem on trade

conflicts could happen

describe which area of uk have highest rainfall

the north and west of uk rainfall is higher in coastal areas and mountainous areas than inland and low lying areas

describe how population density varies across the uk

population density is highest in the uk cities e.g london
its high in areas around major cities but low in mountainous regions

why is water stress likely to happen in different parts of uk

due to some parts having low rain fall and other parts having high rainfall

issue that can be caused by high population density

shortage of available housing which can drive up price of houses

which stage is uk at in DTM

stage 4

what happens to birth rate and death rate at this stage

birth rate and death rate fluctuate

uk population has grown in 2001 how does this contradict DTM and what might cause it

uk population should be high and steady with population growth of zero. caused by migration

describe a way uk population has changed since 2001

population has become older

how have the changes to uk population structure since 2001 affected shape of its population pyramid

population has slightly more top heavy

how does migration affect the uk population structure

migrants to the uk are working age and child bearing age so they are lowering country average age

London-how the population structure has change since 2001

increased rapidly
population growth higher in working age than under 20 or over 69 as many move to London to find work

London-describe ethnic diversity how has changed since 2001

over a third people in London were born in another country.
since 2001 diversity in London increased as percentage of white non British people

what is meant by ageing population

is one that has increasingly high proportion of older people

two reason for uk ageing population

birth rate low
people living longer

social impacts that the ageing population have in uk

old people have bad health
this means demand for medical care increase

people may not have child so birth rate decrease as they have to look after thier older parents

economic impact that the ageing poulation have in uk

tax for working people rise to pay for healthcare
economic contribution decreases as older people pay less tax

two ways uk government has responded to challenges cause by ageing population

government increase taxes or cut spending on other areas
government encourage others to save money

name one employment sector in uk that has declined in 2001

secondary sector

How have working hours changed since 2001?

decreased but also increase in people working part time and zero hour contracts

which sector is biggest employer in uk
which sector has grown since 2001

tertiary sector
quaternary

explain one other way that the uk job market has been affected by political priorities

following recession government promises were forced on paying off money borrowed and help people find jobs.for example government helped new businesses to decrease unemployment

what is an economic hub

a place where economic activity is concentrated

where is the uk would you find highest concentration of economic hubs

south east of England e.g London Brighton

suggest which two are likely to be promising and explain why many economic hubs are found in theses places (cites or rural areas)

economic hubs found in cites or in science parks on outskirts of cities due to having good transport links and links to universities which attract businesses and promote the growth of hubs

one example of industries that you might find to invest in and which hubs might you find them

London law and finance

name economic hub you studied

Canary Wharf

name international organisations that the uk participates in

nato and. un

name a global conflict that uk is involved in that you have studied

conflict in ukraine

explain how successful uk as part of international organisations has been in resolving the conflict

one way uk... nato creating a rapid response force
and uk giving nato with many Raf jets and supplying nato with troops.
another way uk...un having peace talks with Russian and Ukraine leaders the uk gave 15 million in aid to Ukraine and military support.
finally another way uk...the uk and other g7 countries sanction Russia economically which helped remove Russian army from Ukraine

two examples of media products exported by uk

there are lots of exports of books such as Harry Potter
and music made by ed Sheehan

explain one way in which minority ethic groups have contributed to media in the ups culture

people from ethnic minorities have written acted in and produced number of successful tv shows such as famalam. this has made uk media science more diverse and help understand others ethnic groups

suggest one other way that exporting tv shows could boost uk economy

watching programmes could make people want to visit the uk boosting the ups tourist industry

explain how showing the tv programmes in other countries could increase the uks global influence

through media exports like tv shows the lifestyle values and beliefs of uk residents become widely known and understood.media exports cab also show a positive light.