Glycolysis

These flashcards cover key terms and definitions related to glycolysis, providing a study aid for understanding this metabolic pathway.

Glycolysis

A metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, generating ATP in the process.

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

The primary energy carrier in cells, produced during glycolysis.

Pyruvate

The end product of glycolysis, can be further metabolized to generate more ATP under aerobic conditions.

Lactate

A product formed when glucose is metabolized anaerobically, particularly in muscle tissues.

Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

An intermediate in glycolysis, formed from glucose and crucial for the subsequent steps.

Phosphoryl Transfer

A reaction where a phosphate group is transferred from one molecule to another, critical in glycolysis.

Hexokinase

An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose to glucose 6-phosphate.

Phosphofructokinase (PFK)

A key regulatory enzyme in glycolysis that converts fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.

Aldolase

An enzyme that cleaves fructose 1,6-bisphosphate into dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.

Triose Phosphate Isomerase (TPI)

An enzyme that interconverts dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

An important intermediate in glycolysis, oxidation of which generates ATP.

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Dehydrogenase

An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, forming NADH and 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.

1,3-bisphosphoglycerate

An acyl phosphate with a high phosphoryl-transfer potential formed in glycolysis.

Phosphoglycerate Kinase

An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphoryl group from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to ADP, forming ATP.

Enolase

An enzyme that converts 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) through dehydration.

Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)

An unstable intermediate with a high phosphoryl-transfer potential that donates a phosphate to ADP to form ATP.

Pyruvate Kinase

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate, generating ATP.

Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

A method of forming ATP in glycolysis where a phosphate group is directly transferred to ADP.

Anaerobic Fermentation

The process that allows glycolysis to continue in the absence of oxygen by regenerating NAD+.

NADH (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide)

An electron carrier produced during the oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate in glycolysis.

Alcoholic Fermentation

Anaerobic conversion of pyruvate to ethanol and carbon dioxide, occurring in yeast.

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Process where pyruvate is converted to lactate, regenerating NAD+ for glycolysis.

Glucose 6-phosphate

The product of the phosphorylation of glucose, inhibiting hexokinase via feedback inhibition.

Citrate

An intermediate in the citric acid cycle that serves as an inhibitor for phosphofructokinase in the liver.

Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate

A potent activator of phosphofructokinase, synthesized in response to high glucose levels.

Isozymes

Enzymes that catalyze the same reaction but differ in amino acid sequences or regulatory properties.

Anaerobic Glycolysis

The glycolytic pathway that occurs in the absence of oxygen, leading to lactate production.

Feedforward Stimulation

Regulation approach where high fructose 6-phosphate concentration increases the synthesis of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate.

Hexokinase IV (Glucokinase)

An enzyme primarily responsible for phosphorylating glucose in the liver.

Pancreatic Beta Cells

Cells in the pancreas that secrete insulin in response to increased blood glucose levels.

Transporters (GLUT)

Proteins that mediate the transport of glucose across cell membranes.

Warburg Effect

The phenomenon where cancer cells exhibit increased glycolysis in the presence of oxygen, producing lactate.

Triose Kinase

An enzyme that phosphorylates glyceraldehyde to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.

Iron in Glycolysis

Element required for the activity of many enzymes involved in glycolysis.