PERCEPTION

What is perception

The process of analyzing and organizing data collected from all your senses

Selective attention

At any moment we focus our consciouos awareness on only a limited aspect of all that we experience

Change blindness

Change blindness is when people shows a lack of awareness of happenings in their visual environment

Cocktail Party Effect

Our ability to attend selectively to one voice among many, an example of selective attention

Unnoticed stimuli

a piece of sensory information that is processed by the brain without reaching conscious awareness

Visual Capture

• The tendency of vision to dominate the other senses

• This is the reason why people may feel a touch where they see it rather than where it is

Form Perception

Form Perception is how you brain seperate what important from what is not important.

• The same stimulus can trigger more than one figure or ground perception aswell

Gestalt principles

Gestalt principle explain how we instantly recognizes patterns, objects, and faces even when the image is in complete or messy
basic principles include

• Figure Ground

• Proximiy

• Similarity

• Continuity

• Connectedness

• Closure

Depth Perception

• When you see something, it is usually 2d image of your surrounding that you see, not the 3d. Instead our brain actually organized those 2d image to 3d

• Since the image is 2d, we need depth perceptions to allow us to judge 2d image and create depth

• Depth perception is partly a innate trait

How does

Depth Perception works

Depth perception works using the monocular cues and the binocular cues

Depth Perception Binocular Cue of Retinal Disparity

• Our eye are little bit apart from each other

• When we, see both of our eye are actually seeing different picture

• the brain will take in the two picture and compare their difference

• the greater the difference the larger the distance

Depth Perception Binocular Cue of Convergence

This is a neuromuscular cue caused by the eye’s greater inward turn when they view a near-by object. The brain notes the angle of convergence then computes whether the object is near or far

Depth Perception Cues

Binocular cues need 2 eyes

Monocular cues need only 1 eye

Depth Perception Cues (Monocular)

• relative size

• interposition

• Texture gradient

• Relative Height

Depth Perception Monocular Cue of Relative Motion

If you lok at a fixed point while moving

• objects closer to the point will appear to move backward

the nearer the object, the faster it appears to move

objects beyond the fixed point appear to move with you

The brain uses the speed to judge the object’s relative distance

Monocular Cue of Linear Perspective

• Lines from a-far seems to be converging to a point

• The more the lines that converge the further the distance

Depth Perception Monocular Cue of Light and Shadow

Nearer object reflect more light and further one reflect less light

Motion Perception

We assume that shrinking objects are retreating and enlarging objects are approaching

Motion Perception Stroboscopic Movement

The brain will interpret a rapid series of slightly varying images as a constant movement

Motion Perception Phi Phenomenon

You have two adjacent object that flick colours, if the flick is fast enough it will seem like both object are interchanging colour

Perceptual Constancy

We usually perceive objects as unchanging even as the illumination and the retinal images change, this is the reason why we can identify objects regardless of most conditions

This is also the same thing for size changes

This is also same for perceiving brightness and lightness even when illumination varies

Size-Distance Relationship

There is a connection between the perceived distance and the perceived size. Perceiving gives us the clue to the other

• We also interpret outward or inward pointing arrowheads as a cue to the line’s distance from us. Inward pointing means closer and outward means further away

Sensory Deprivation and Restored Vision

Some perceptual traits like distinguishing figure or sensing colour are innate while traits like recognize by sight objects that were familiar by touch

Critical Period for Vision

The critical period for developing visual cortex information seems to be around infancy

Perceptual Adaptation

In vision, this is the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field.

Humans can adapt to an upside down world while animals like salamander can’t

Perceptual set

A mental predisposition of our to perceive one thing but not another

• What we perceive first is heavily impacted by our physical and psychological experiences → giving us a perceptual set

Human schema for faces

We have a schema for faces that primes us to see facial patterns even in random configurations and image

Caricatured Faces

Caricatured meaning exaggerated face

• Our schema for faces causes us to identify someone with an caricatured face appose to the real one

Context effect

A given stimulus may trigger radically different perceptions, due to our differing experiences

• The brain can also work backward and revert a pattern in this case 

ESP

• The claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input

• includes telapathy, precognition, Parapsychology, Psychokinesis and clairvoyance

Premonitions or Pretensions?

The predictions that are often vague and numerous which increase the odds that an occasional prediction will be true