From Pre-Columbian Native Americans to the Late-Colonial Era

Vocabulary flashcards covering the origins of Native Americans, West African civilizations, European exploration, and the development of the English colonies and the institution of slavery.

Bering Straits theory

A theory suggesting that Native Americans originated from Siberia, Mongolia, and Manchuria and migrated across a land bridge to the Americas.

Pantheism

A Native American religious belief system where individuals often prayed for an animal's spirit to transmigrate after a successful hunt.

Manitou

The term used by Native Americans to refer to spirits.

Shamans

Individuals who interpreted and explained the unseen and articulated origins through deeply moving myths.

Anasazis

Native American group also known as Pueblos located in the continental United States.

Midwest Woodland Indians

Groups including the Adena, Mississippian, and Hopewell who were known for building earthen mounds.

Iroquois Confederacy

A confederacy of East Woodland Indians in the continental United States.

Nok culture

A West African culture located in the Niger Valley that existed from $1000\,BCE$ to $200\,CE$.

Trans-Saharan trade route

A trade route active from $600\,CE$ to $1885\,CE$ involving vigorous trade, great wealth, and Islamic influence in West Africa.

Caravel

A maritime technology borrowed by Europeans from the Arabs during the Age of Exploration.

Astrolabe

An Arab maritime borrowing used by European explorers to determine latitude.

Northwest Passage theory

A theory pursued by Christopher Columbus regarding a maritime route to Asia.

Old Slavery

The form of slavery existing before the $1500s\,AD$ characterized by ethnocentrism rather than modern racism.

New Slavery

A system emerging in the $1500s\,AD$ that was race-based, high-volume, lifelong, and passed down through generations.

Chattel

The legal status of slaves under the New Slavery where they were relegated to personal property with no legal rights.

Hernand Cortez

The Spanish conquistador responsible for the sack of the Aztec empire in $1519\,AD$.

Jamestown

An English settlement in Virginia established in $1607\,AD$ and financed by joint stocks.

Separatists

A group of Puritans in $17th$ century England who wished to break away entirely from the Anglican Church.

Non-Separatists

Puritans who sought to reform the Church of England from within rather than leave it.

John Winthrop

The leader associated with the Mayflower Compact and the vision of a 'City On A Hill' through Social Reciprocity.

Congregationalism

A system of church governance central to the 'New England way' in the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

Half-Way Covenant

A form of partial church membership in the Puritan ways of New England.

Barbados slave codes

Legal codes established to manage the black majorities in the Anglo-Caribbean, characterized by enormous abuse and exploitation.

Bacon's Rebellion

A significant uprising in Virginia's Chesapeake society.

Maryland

A colony founded by Lord Baltimore and Catholic investors as a haven for English Catholics.

Navigation Act (1661AD)

An act passed to regulate colonial trade and commerce within the British Empire.

Fundamental Constitution of Carolina

A document involving John Locke that established colonial feudalism and nobility in the Carolinas.

Stono Rebellion (1739AD)

A slave uprising that took place in the rice economy of the Carolinas.

Society of Friends

Also known as Quakers, a religious group founded by George Fox that found a proprietary home in Pennsylvania under William Penn.

James Oglethorpe

The founder of Georgia who initially envisioned a yeoman-driven colony that prohibited slavery and hard liquor.

Slavocracy

The social and political system that rose in Georgia by $1750\,AD$ following the fall of Oglethorpe's original vision.