Evolution Exam 2

What are the three steps used in the Polymerase Chain Reaction (in order)

1. Denaturation - Heating the DNA to separate strands. 2. Annealing - Cooling to allow primers to bind. 3. Extension - DNA polymerase synthesizes new DNA strands.

What is true about types of mutations?

Substitutions are the most common and they do not cause frameshifts

Which of the following is correct regarding peramorphosis?

It is accelerated development and late mutation.

In evolutionary analyses of DNA sequence, multiple hits are hidden changes from?

Repeated substitutions at the same nucleotide site that cause statistical error.

What would you expect the rate of non-synonymous substitution to be higher than the rate of synonymous substitution?

When a gene is under strong selection to change.

Two major evolutionary trends in the transition to mammals involved?

Jaw bone reduction from several to one bone and increase in jaw muscle size.

How would you determine the allele frequencies of a gene given the phenotypic frequencies?

The recessive allele frequency is the square root of the recessive phenotype frequency; the other allele is one minus that frequency

Which of the following will give you the heterozygote genotype frequency for one gene?

Multiply each allele frequency by itself, and then multiply those two quantities

The origin of alpha and beta subunits of hemoglobin most likely was the result of?

A gene duplication event

Cope’s rule is?

An observed trend of increasing size among species of animals over evolutionary time.

Which Hardy-Weinberg terms represent heterozygote frequencies?

2pq

If two genes diverged, and then two species diverged, this would be expected:

Both species would possess both genes

How are different species of bacteria recognized taxonomically?

By what they can and cannot grow

Changes in allele frequencies through migration occurs by:

Adding new alleles into a population.

The synonymy of a taxon is where:

Other names are listed that apply to the same taxon but are not considered valid under the rules.

Genetic drift results in which of the following?

Loss of variation over time and genetic divergence between populations.

What are two assumptions of the Hardy- Weinberg equation?

Mating is random and no mutations are occuring.

Molecular clocks:

Can show different slopes for genes that have different rates of substitution.

ACCTG to ACTTG is an example of:

a substitution and a transition

Which of the following is true about DNA barcoding?

It is a method that uses short, unique genetic sequence to identify an organism as belonging to a species.

What is the significance of a single nucleotide polymorphisms (snp’s)?

They are common and are the “alleles” that evolution acts upon

Which answer lists three mechanisms that can immediately affect allele frequencies at the population level?

Mutation, selection, genetic drift

Which statement about the redundancy in the universal genetic code is true?

There are more codon combinations than amino acids, and the third position of every codon is usually the most variable

This section is used to explain how the new species is distinct from others:

Diagnosis

Which Hardy-Weinberg terms represent allele frequencies?

p and q

Which of the following characters would be an example of positive allometry?

Skeletal mass of animals

Universal primers are normally used to bind to:

Conserved regions of genes and permit the amplification of a gene in diverse species

What is true about substitution rates?

A lower substitution rate indicates greater selection

The name of Philadelphia’s natural history museum is:

The Academy of Natural Sciences

Comparing chimpanzee and human skulls:

The adult human is more similar to the juvenile human than the adult chimp is to the juvenile chimp

Heterochrony describes evolutionary changes in the characteristics of a:

Species based on developmental timing

Heuristic methods are used in constructing trees because they provide shortcuts for finding the:

Shortest tree, necessary because of the large number of possible trees

Allometry can be characterized as:

Non-proportional change in one character relative to another character in evolution

Synonymous mutations:

Never occur at the second position

The molecular study of fungi determined that the group defined by two nuclei:

Is monophyletic

What is the purpose of the type of specimens of a species?

To represent the species if there is any future confusion in names

When going from smaller to larger species, the surface-to-volume ratio___ so surface area is an example of ____

Decreases, negative allometric growth

What best describes how the law of priority governs the naming of an organism?

The earliest valid name must be used, if you decide to recognize that taxon

Developmental genes such as the homeotic (HOX) genes are important in evolution because they:

Can cause major morphological changes quickly

What is the meaning of the taxonomic term paraphyletic

A group name that includes a single common ancestor but not all of its descendants.

When constructing a phylogenetic tree, which method is most likely to be correct?

Selecting the tree that minimizes change in the characters

How was the sequence obtained from the Tasmanian Tiger?

Old skins

If given the allele frequencies of two genes, what would be the frequency of the combined genotype recessive for both genes?

Multiply each recessive allele frequency by itself and then multiply those two values

The natives peoples of the Americas arrived: (when and directly from where)

20-30,000 years ago from Asia

Fungi are most closely related to which other kingdom?

Animals, and their earliest ancestors were both flagellated

How many genotypes are possible when two genes are considered together (combined)?

Nine

What sequencing method was used in the early tree of life study in the 1970s?

RNA sequencing using ribosomal RNA

If given the allele frequencies of two genes, what would be the frequency of the phenotype dominant for at least one gene?

After multiplying each recessive allele frequency by itself, subtract the product of those two values from one

When was Darwins’ prediction of having fairly true genealogical trees realized, or has it been?

During the last 20 years

Which of the following mutations would generally have the most deleterious affect on protein function?

A single nucleotide deletion