TEAS Human Anatomy and Physiology

All cells contain 3 things. These three things are?

DNA, RNA, and synthesize proteins

The cell is filled with a fluid called?

cytoplasm or cytosol

A membrane is composed of?

phospholipids

Each cell consists of? (3)

nucleic acids, cytoplasm, and cell membrane

What is the one thing that all cells have in common?

They have a cell membrane

Nucleus

small structure that contains chromosomes and regulates the cell

What is the nucleus responsible for?

the passing on genetic traits between pores, chromatic, and ribosomes

Chromosomes

These are highly condensed, threadlike rods of DNA

What does DNA stand for?

deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA

genetic material that stores information about the plant or animal

Chromatin

This consists of the DNA and protein that make up chromosomes

Nucleolus

This structure contained within the nucleus consists of protein. Synthesizes and stores RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Nuclear envelope

Encloses the structures of the nucleus. Consists of inner and outer membranes made of lipids

Nuclear pores

involved in the exchange of material between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

Nucleoplasm

liquid within the nucleus, and is similar to cytoplasm

What are the parts of the cell membranes? (8)

• Glycoprotein

• Glycolipid

• Peripheral membrane protein

• Phospholipid bilayer

• Protein channel

• Cholesterol

• Filaments of cytoskeleton

• Integral membrane protein

Glycoprotein

protein with carbohydrate attached

Glycolipid

lipid with carbohydrate attached

What has selective permeability with regard to size, charge, and solubility?

cell membrane or plasma membrane

Selective permeability

allows what goes in and outside of the cell

Which two small molecules typically can pass through the cell membrane?

oxygen and water

Molecules that are soluble in phospholipids can usually?

pass through the cell membrane

Many molecules are not able to diffuse the cell membrane. How can they be moved?

active transport and vesicle

Ribosomes

involved in synthesizing proteins from amino acids. They are numerous making up about one quarter of the cell.

Golgi complex (Golgi apparatus)

involved in synthesizing materials such as proteins that are transported out of the cell. Transportation of proteins.

Vacuoles

sacs used for storage, digestion, and waste removal.

Vesicles

vehicle that helps move materials within a cell.

Cytoskeleton

consists of microtubules that help shape and support the cell

Microtubules

part of the cytoskeleton and help support the cell. They're made of protein.

Cytosol

liquid material in the cell. Mostly water, but also contains floating molecules

Cytoplasm

refers to cytosol and the substructures (organelles) found within the plasma membrane, but not within the nucleus

Cell Membrane (plasma membrane)

defines the cell by acting as a barrier.

Functions of cell membrane

Helps keep cytoplasm in and substances located outside the cell out. Determines what is allowed to enter and exit.

Endoplasmic reticulum

tubular network that consists of the transport system of a cell

What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum and what is the difference between the two?

rough and smooth. Rough ER has ribosomes and Smooth ER does not.

Mitochondria

performs various functions such as generating ATP (energy), and is involved in cell growth and death.

The 4 functions of the Mitochondria are?

1. Production of cell energy (ATP)

2. Cell signaling

3. Cellular differentiation

4. Cell cycle and growth regulation

Aerobic respiration occurs in the?

mitochondria

The mitochondria consists of an inner and outer membrane• Between the inner and outer membranes are folds called?

cristae

Centrosome

comprised of the pair of centrioles located at right angles to each other and surround by protein.

The centrosome is involved in which cell divisions?

mitosis and cell cycle

Centriole

cylinder shaped structures near the nucleus that are involved in cellular division.

Lysosome

Digests proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and transports undigested substances to the cell membrane so they can be removed.

Cilia

appendages extending from the surface of the cell, which causes the cell to move. They can also result in fluid being moved by the cell

Flagella

These are tail-like structures that use whip-like movements to help the cell move.

Cell cycle

process by which a cell reproduces, which involves cell growth, duplication of genetic material, and cell division.

What are the two ways that cells can reproduce?

mitosis and meiosis

Mitosis involves which kind of cells?

body cells

Meiosis involves which kind of cells?

sex cells or gametes

Cell differentiation

process that helps to determine the cell type for each cell

Process is controlled by the genes of each cell among a group of cells called a

zygote

Stages of mitosis

1. Interphase

2. Prophase

3. Metaphase

4. Anaphase

5. Telophase

6. Cytokinesis

Interphase

cell prepares for division by replicating it genetic and cytoplasmic material.

Interphase can be further divided into?

G1, S, and G2

Prophase

Chromatic thickens into chromosomes and nuclear membrane begins to disintegrate.

Prophase (Continued)

• Pairs of centrioles move to opposite sides of the cell

• Spindle fibers begin to form

• Mitotic spindle, formed from cytoskeleton parts, moves chromosomes around within the cell

Metaphase

spindle moves to the center of the cell. Chromosome pairs align along the center of the spindle structure

Anaphase

pairs of chromosomes, called sisters, begin to pull apart, and may bend

Anaphase (Continued)

When separated, they're called daughter chromosomes.

Grooves appear in the cell membrane

Telophase

Spindle disintegrates, the nuclear membrane reform, and the chromosomes revert to chromatin.

Telophase (Animal cells)

membrane is pinched

Telophase (Plant cells)

a new cell wall begins to form

Cytokinesis

physical splitting of the cell (including the cytoplasm) into two cells.

What's the difference between Mitosis and Meiosis?

The cells during Meiosis divide twice, and during the second division, interphase does not occur.

In the second division of meiosis, the daughter cells are haploid. What does haploid mean?

they contain half the genetic material of the parent cell

What is the final result in meiosis? How many cells are there?

4 daughter cells

Meiosis encourages?

genetic diversity

From lowest to high, give the levels of organization.

Chemical (molecular), cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism

What are the 4 broad (main) categories of tissues

Epithelial tissue, muscular tissue, connective tissue, and nerve tissue

What are the three muscle tissue?

skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle

Skeletal muscles include muscles commonly called

biceps, triceps, hamstrings, and quadriceps.

Cardiac muscle tissue is found only in the

heart

Smooth muscle tissue provides tension in the

blood vessels, control pupil dilation, and aid in peristalsis.

What are the 7 Categories of Tissues?

Epithelial, muscle, connective, nervous, blood, bone, and cartilage

Epithelial tissue

Tissues in which cells are joined together tightly. Skin tissue is an example

Muscle tissue

helps support and move the body. The three types of muscle tissues are smooth, cardiac, and skeletal.

Connective tissue

may be dense, loose, or fatty. It protects and binds body parts

Nervous tissue

Cells called neurons form a network through the body that control responses to changes in the external and internal environment. Some send signals to muscles and glands to trigger responses

Blood

transports oxygen to cells and removes wastes. It also carries hormones and defends against disease

Bone

a hard tissue that supports and protects softer tissues and organs. Its marrow produces red blood cells.

Cartilage

cushions and provides structural support for body parts. It has a jelly-like base and if fibrous

The 11 Major Organ Systems are?

1. Integumentary system

2. Respiratory system

3. Cardiovascular system

4. Endocrine system

5. Skeletal system

6. Muscular system

7. Digestive system

8. Excretory system

9. Immune system

10. Nervous system

11. Reproductive system

Name the Three Primary Body Planes

transverse plane, sagittal plane, and coronal plane

Transverse plane

horizontal plane divides the patient's body into imaginary upper (superior) and lower (inferior or caudal) halves

Sagittal plane

divides the body, or any body part, vertically into right and left sections. The sagittal plane runs parallel to the midline of the body.

Coronal plane

frontal plane that divides the body, or any body structure, vertically into front and back (anterior and posterior) sections. Runs

Proximal

structures closer to the center of the body. The hip is proximal to the knee

Distal

refers to distance or structures further away from the center of the body. The knee is distal to the hip

Anterior

front

Posterior

back

Medial

nearer to the middle of the body. In anatomical position, the little finger is medial to the thumb

Lateral

to the side and is opposite of medial

Cephalad or Cephalic

meaning towards the head.

Cranial

meaning the skull

Caudad

towards the tail or posterior.

Caudal

hindquarters

Superior

above or closer to the head

Inferior

below or closer to the feet

The upper respiratory system includes?

• Nose

• Nasal cavity

• Mouth

• Pharynx

• Larynx

The lower respiratory system includes?

• Trachea

• Lungs

• Bronchial tree