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Covalent Bonding
Bonds formed between non-metals by sharing electrons to achieve a stable octet.
Lewis Structures
Diagrams showing the arrangement of atoms and lone pairs in a molecule.
VSEPR Theory
Describes how electron pairs in molecules repel each other, influencing molecular shape.
Polarity
Classification of bonds as polar (different electronegativities) or nonpolar (same element).
Intermolecular Forces
Forces between molecules, including dispersion, dipole-dipole, and hydrogen bonding.
Melting/Boiling Points
Properties influenced by intermolecular forces; covalent molecules have low melting/boiling points.
Strength of Intermolecular Forces
Depends on factors like number of electrons and molecular shape.
Metallic Melting
Requires overcoming strong metallic bonding, needing a lot of energy.
Ionic Melting
Requires overcoming strong ionic bonding, needing a lot of energy.
Covalent Molecular Melting
Requires overcoming weak intermolecular forces, needing less energy.