Chapter 13

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24 Terms

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Nervous System
A complex network of nerve cells that controls and coordinates actions and reactions of the body.
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Central Nervous System (CNS)
The part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord.
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
The part of the nervous system that contains nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord.
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Neuron
The fundamental unit of the nervous system, a nerve cell that transmits nerve impulses.
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Excitability
The ability of neurons to respond to stimuli.
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Conductivity
The capability of neurons to send signals to distant locations quickly.
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Secretion
The process by which neurons release chemical messengers called neurotransmitters.
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Dendrites
Branch-like extensions of a neuron that receive signals from other neurons.
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Axon
A long, thin part of a neuron that transmits action potentials away from the cell body.
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Synapse
The meeting point between a neuron and another neuron or cell, where neurotransmission occurs.
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Neurotransmitter
Chemical messengers released from presynaptic neurons that transmit signals across synapses.
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Myelin
A fatty substance that insulates axons and speeds up signal transmission.
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Oligodendrocytes
Glial cells in the CNS that produce myelin for axons.
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Schwann Cells
Glial cells in the PNS that create myelin around peripheral axons.
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Multipolar Neuron
A neuron with many dendrites and one axon.
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Bipolar Neuron
A neuron with one dendrite and one axon.
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Unipolar Neuron
A neuron with one axon and no dendrites.
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Sensory Neurons
Neurons that detect stimuli and transmit sensory information to the CNS.
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Interneurons
Neurons that process information and make decisions within the CNS.
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Motor Neurons
Neurons that send signals from the CNS to muscles to elicit a response.
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Chemical Synapse
A synapse where neurotransmitters are released to transmit signals between neurons.
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Neural Pools
Groups of interconnected neurons that work together to process information.
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Spina Bifida
A neural tube defect where the vertebrae fail to enclose the spinal cord.
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Acetylcholine
A common neurotransmitter involved in muscle action, learning, and memory.