Chapter 8: Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

The sense of self, or the knowledge of who we are and who we want to be, is called A. self-concept B. self-awareness C. self-definition D. ideal self

A. self-concept

When children incorporate into their self-image their growing understanding of how others see them, they are experiencing A. cognitive development B. social development C. physical development D. psychological development

B. social development

When a 4-year-old boy is asked to describe himself, he will typically tell you about his A. relational self B. real self C. descriptive self D. ideal self

D. ideal self

In neo-Piagetian terminology, this is the first stage in development of self-definition, in which children describe themselves in terms of individual, unconnected characteristics and in all-or-nothing terms. A. deductive B. single representations C. representational mappings D. ideal self

B. single representations

Which of the following is a part of self-definition? A. recognizing oneself B. parental values C. developing a concept of the ideal self D. developing a concept of self-centeredness

C. developing a concept of the ideal self

Understanding their emotions helps children to do all of the following except A. guide their behavior in social situations B. control the way they show their feelings C. allows them to talk about their feelings D. allows them to control all social situations

D. allows them to control all social situations

According to research on children's understanding of emotions, how do 4-year-olds feel about themselves if they do something that has been forbidden by their parents? A. They feel shame whether or not their parents see them perform the forbidden act. B. They feel shame only if their parents see them perform the forbidden act. C. They feel shame only if their parents punish them for performing the forbidden act. D. They feel no shame, even if their parents saw them perform the forbidden act.

B. They feel shame only if their parents see them perform the forbidden act.

At what age do children first begin to take pride in their accomplishments even when no one is around to see them doing something well? A. 4 to 5 years B. 7 to 8 years C. 10 to 12 years D. 13 to 15 years

A. 4 to 5 years

According to the text, which of the following is a reason for the difficulty that 5-year-olds have in understanding their own emotions? A. They do not recognize that they can experience different emotions at the same time. B. They only experience strong emotions when others around them show emotions. C. They don't realize that anyone besides them actually has emotions. D. They do not understand that emotions depend on innate, temperamental factors.

A. They do not recognize that they can experience different emotions at the same time.

Only after children gain self-awareness and accept the behavior their parents have set will they begin to develop all but which of the following emotions? A. guilt B. love C. shame D. pride

B. love

According to Erikson, which of the following is the central issue of early childhood? A. trust versus mistrust B. autonomy versus shame and doubt C. initiative versus guilt D. identity versus role confusion

C. initiative versus guilt

According to Erikson, the conflict between young children's urge to pursue goals and their moral judgements about those urges is A. initiative versus guilt B. autonomy versus shame and doubt C. industry versus inferiority D. identity versus role confusion

A. initiative versus guilt

Four-year-old Marcie has decided that she would like to hide her little brother's toys in the basement. However, she realizes her brother will cry, and she wonders if she will feel bad about this. According to Erikson, Marcie is experiencing the conflict of A. identity versus role confusion B. initiative versus guilt C. purpose versus will D. industry versus inferiority

B. initiative versus guilt

The virtue acquired through successful resolution of Erikson's third developmental crisis (initiative versus guilt) is A. hope B. purpose C. trust D. will

B. purpose

According to Erikson, a child who feels comfortable trying new things, without excessive guilt or fear, is said to have acquired A. virtue of will B. virtue of hope C. virtue of trust D. virtue of purpose

D. virtue of purpose

The judgment young children make about their self worth is called A. self-concept B. self-definition C. self-esteem D. self-recognition

C. self-esteem

According to research, at what age would one expect a young child's self-esteem to be based on a somewhat realistic appraisal A. before 5 years of age B. before 7 years of age C. before 9 years of age D. before 11 years of age

C. before 9 years of age

When personal self-esteem is __________, a child is motivated to achieve. A. high B. low C. medium D. absent

A. high

Children with high self-esteem A. attribute failure to themselves B. attribute disappointments to their own choices C. move on when they fail and do something different D. persevere and develop strategies that will provide success

D. persevere and develop strategies that will provide success

Gender refers to A. role-learning B. what it means to be male or female C. identification with parents D. friendship patterns between males and females

B. what it means to be male or female

Psychological or behavioral differences between males and females are A. sex differences B. gender differences C. gender stereotypes D. noticeable only after 3 years of age

B. gender differences

Measurable differences between males and females include A. Females have a biological advantage B. Females are more physically vulnerable C. Females are more reactive to stress D. Females are more active in utero than males

A. Females have a biological advantage

All but which of the following gender differences have been found by research? A. Boys are more aggressive. B. Girls are more empathetic. C. Girls are more cooperative. D. Girls know more about taking care of babies.

D. Girls know more about taking care of babies.

The absence of problem behavior among girls until adolescence is probably due to all of the following except A. Girls demonstrate lower reactivity to stress B. Girls talk more about their problems C. Girls are more cooperative. D. Girls seem unaware of how their actions affect others

D. Girls seem unaware of how their actions affect others

Behaviors considered appropriate for males and females in a given culture are A. gender roles B. biologically determined C. fairly easy to change D. learned in school

A. gender roles

Mike is becoming aware that he is a boy and that boys play with trucks and trains. He is developing A. gender identity B. a gender role C. gender-typing D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Learning one's gender role is called A. achieving gender identity B. gender conservation C. gender-typing D. gender stereotyping

C. gender-typing

Katie is 4 years old, and has begun to worry that she not dress "like a boy," and talks about being "a wife and mommy" when she grows up. Stephanie is engaged in the process of A. sex-typing B. gender-typing C. sexism-generalizing D. conflict-resolution

B. gender-typing

At preschool, Mark plays with trucks and Mary plays with dolls. They are A. undergoing gender-typing B. acquiring gender stereotypes C. learning the sexism schema D. becoming androgynous

A. undergoing gender-typing

Gender stereotypes are A. preconceived generalization, about male and female behavior B. often a result of gender conservation and identity C. based on myths about sex differences D. all of the above

A. preconceived generalization, about male and female behavior

Gender differences are believed to be influenced by A. hormones B. parents C. the media D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Research on biological bases of gender differences in humans A. establishes that hormone factors play the primary role in shaping behavior B. shows that males and females have very different brain functioning C. has been inconclusive D. has found larger statistical differences in behavior between the sexes than within either sex

C. has been inconclusive

Research has linked aggressive behavior in certain animals to prenatal exposure to the hormone A. estrogen B. progesterone C. testosterone D. adrenaline

C. testosterone

A male rat has been given an injection of testosterone. Which of the following behaviors is likely to increase as a consequence? A. aggressive behavior B. maternal behavior C. nonspecific gender behavior D. all of the above

A. aggressive behavior

When a baby boy had reconstructive surgery to have a damaged penis removed, he was raised as a girl. Rejecting this female role as a teenager demonstrates that A. gender identity requires more counseling B. gender assignment works when the social support is increased C. gender identity may be rooted in chromosomal structure D. gender identity occurs in early childhood

C. gender identity may be rooted in chromosomal structure

Renee has a condition called congenital adrenal hyperplasia, which has caused her to A. prefer the gender specific behavior of other girls B. prefer rough and tumble play activities C. show decreased spatial skill orientation D. seek out female playmates

B. prefer rough and tumble play activities

According to Freud, the adoption of the characteristics, values, and behaviors of the parent of the same sex is A. gender identity B. gender-typing C. identification D. androgyny

C. identification

Jessica imitates her mother's gestures, speech, and behaviors. Which of the following terms describes this? A. identification B. reinforcement C. role conflict D. gender constancy

A. identification

According to Kohlberg, children learn their gender through A. identification B. imitation of adult models, reinforcement, and punishment C. their own active mental classification and organization of behavior D. maturation

C. their own active mental classification and organization of behavior

Shelly becomes upset because a stranger mistakes her for a boy. Kohlberg would say that she has developed A. gender conservation B. gender constantcy C. penis envy D. cognitive awareness

B. gender constantcy

Tina realizes that she will never be a boy. According to Kohlberg, she has developed A. identification B. gender identity C. gender constancy D. penis envy

C. gender constancy

Danielle becomes angry when she is told that she cannot grow up to be a father. "I will, too!" she cries. According to cognitive-developmental theory, she has not yet achieved A. gender identity B. gender constancy C. penis envy D. Electra complex

B. gender constancy

Which of the following behavior patterns is inconsistent with Kohlberg's views regarding the acquisition of gender roles? A. A young boy has acquired gender constancy, and refuses to play dolls with his sister. B. A young girl has not yet achieved gender constancy, and claims to want to be a daddy when she grows up. C. A young boy has not yet achieved gender identity, and when asked if he is a boy or girl, he says he doesn't know. D. A young boy who has not yet achieved gender constancy asks to be given only toys for boys and no girl toys for his birthday.

D. A young boy who has not yet achieved gender constancy asks to be given only toys for boys and no girl toys for his birthday.

According to Sandra Bem's gender-schema theory, children adopt gender-appropriate behavior A. through identification with same-sex parent after resolution of sexual conflict B. as a result of imitation and reinforcement C. after achieving gender constancy D. by socializing themselves to their gender roles

D. by socializing themselves to their gender roles

Marilyn knows that she is a girl, and by watching what other girls do, she is learning how she is expected to behave. Which theory would hold that gender-typing is acquired in this way? A. Freudian B. Eriksonian C. cognitive-developmental D. cognitive-social

D. cognitive-social

Martin is beginning to understand how his culture classifies males and females. Based upon this knowledge, Martin is developing patterns of behavior based upon his organized knowledge of male-appropriate and female-appropriate behavior. According to Bem, the patterns of behavior that Martin is beginning to develop are organized around A. sexism schema B. gender constancy C. gender schema D. gender identity

C. gender schema

According to traditional social learning theory, children acquire gender roles by observing models. Children then A. pick models that are powerful and nurturing B. always pick the same sex parent C. never pattern themselves after peers D. focus only on indirect teaching by parents

A. pick models that are powerful and nurturing

Social-learning theory holds that a child identifies with a parent A. as a consequence of the phallic stage B. after resolving the Electra or Oedipus complex C. through observation and imitation D. because of guilt

C. through observation and imitation

Some studies have found that parents affect children's knowledge about gender more than their A. gender identity B. gender schemas C. gender behavior D. gender constancy

C. gender behavior

Billy sees his father working with power tools. As a consequence, Billy grows up enjoying work with power tools himself, and perceives this kind of work to be "masculine." The sequence of events is consistent with the _____ theory of identification. A. psychoanalytic B. gender-constancy C. social-learning D. conflict-resolution

C. social-learning

According to social-learning theory, which of the following is not a way in which boys come to identify with their fathers? A. They notice physical similarities between themselves and their fathers. B. They imitate the father's behavior. C. They are praised when they act like their fathers. D. They resolve the fear felt toward the aggressor.

D. They resolve the fear felt toward the aggressor.

With regard to social-learning theory, research has indicated that A. boys do not imitate their mothers B. most parents punish fighting and reward helpfulness in girls but not in boys C. children imitate their parents as well as many other adults D. children are more similar to their parents than to other adults

C. children imitate their parents as well as many other adults

In socializing children, parents generally A. treat boys and girls about the same until age 2 or 3 B. give girls more latitude than boys with regard to gender roles C. show less tolerance for "tomboys" than for "sissies" D. have little influence on gender-role development

B. give girls more latitude than boys with regard to gender roles

__________ are most likely to encourage __________ to engage in gender-typed activities appropriate for their sex. A. Mothers

sons B. Fathers

sons C. Mothers

daughters D. Fathers

daughters

B. Fathers

sons

Which of the following preschool children is most likely to show strong gender-typing? A. Leila, whose mother works full time outside the home. B. Jim, who lives with his divorced mother. C. Jacob, whose father becomes upset when he plays with dolls. D. Marla, whose father lets his wife make all major decisions.

C. Jacob, whose father becomes upset when he plays with dolls.

In egalitarian households, the _____________ role in gender socialization seems especially important A. father's B. mother's C. parent's D. none of the above

A. father's

Which of the following statements about the images of males and females on television is true? A. More females are shown than males. B. Gender stereotypes are more pronounced on television than in real life. C. Gender-typing on television approximates real-life gender roles. D. Gender stereotyping on television has been largely eliminated in recent years.

B. Gender stereotypes are more pronounced on television than in real life.

Frankie is a secondborn sibling in a family of four. Frankie's gender development will likely A. become more like his mother's B. become more like his father's C. become more like his older siblings' D. be a combination of all family members

C. become more like his older siblings'

Social-learning theory would predict that watching current television programs will A. increase gender-typing B. decrease gender-typing C. eliminate gender-typing D. have no impact on gender-typing, because children tend to watch programs that conform to their gender roles

A. increase gender-typing

In regards to the influence of his peers, social-learning theory would predict that Brian's peers will provide A. reinforcement for gender-typed behavior B. inconsistency in gender behavior C. approval of opposite sex gender-typed behavior D. have no impact on gender-typing

A. reinforcement for gender-typed behavior

Social cognitive theory sees which of the following as influencing socialization? A. Parents are the reinforcers of children's behavior B. Parents and peers in combination influence socialization C. Children only learn socialization after the begin school D. Socialization is a complex system involving parents, peers and other agents.

D. Socialization is a complex system involving parents, peers and other agents.

Young children do all except which one while engaged in play, the work of the young? A. stimulate their senses B. coordinate sight with movement C. practice being quiet D. acquire new skills

C. practice being quiet

Play that involves repetitive muscular movements involving gross motor skills is called A. functional play B. constructive play C. pretend play D. generic play

A. functional play

Pedro spends a considerable amount of his play time making things out of blocks, coloring and painting, and making art projects. Pedro is engaged in A. functional play B. constructive play C. pretend play D. generic play

B. constructive play

Tory and Tanika enjoy organized games, play hours of Monopoly and have become champions at marbles. The girls are engaged in A. functional play B. constructive play C. pretend play D. cognitive play

D. cognitive play

What may a high level of solitary play indicate about a child? A. maturity B. physical disability C. possible child abuse D. pasitivity

A. maturity

According to the text, which of the following statements regarding solitary play is true? A. Children in the 1920s exhibited more solitary play than children do today. B. Solitary play seems associated with independence and maturity. C. Children who engage in solitary play are at greater risk for social problems. D. Children who engage in solitary play are less mature than children who engage only in social play.

B. Solitary play seems associated with independence and maturity.

Several children are playing in the same area. Each child plays with blocks in a different way, without any attempt to alter the others' play. They are engaged in which kind of play? A. associative B. parallel C. solitary D. cooperative

B. parallel

Because Carmen and Donita spend most of their preschool time in pretend play we can expect them to exhibit all but which of the following behaviors? A. Increased understanding of other people's viewpoints B. Inability to construct an accurate image of the social world C. Tendency to cooperate more with other children D. Be more popular than those that don't

B. Inability to construct an accurate image of the social world

The tendency toward sex segregation in play seems to be A. cultural B. universal C. uncommon D. decreasing

B. universal

Which of the following was not encouraged in Anglo-American preschools? A. independent thinking B. problem solving C. active involvement in learning D. academic skills development

D. academic skills development

Discipline refers to methods of teaching children all but which one of the following? A. development B. cognitive skills C. self-control D. acceptable behavior

B. cognitive skills

If punishment is used, it is best administered A. as soon as the unacceptable behavior begins B. only after an unacceptable behavior has been completed C. only after the behavior has been repeated several times D. by someone the child has little contact with

A. as soon as the unacceptable behavior begins

If punishment is used, it is more effective A. without any explanation B. with a full explanation C. with a short explanation D. if an explanation is postponed, so that the child will have time to think about it

C. with a short explanation

Linda has been caught throwing rocks at a neighbor's house. Her parents wish to stop this behavior through punishment. To be most effective, which of the following people would be best to have administer the punishment? A. The mother, who is usually nurturing and affectionate toward the child. B. The father, who is cold and distant toward the child. C. A relative who is kind, but is unfamiliar to the child. D. Punishment would be equally effective from all three people.

A. The mother, who is usually nurturing and affectionate toward the child.

Punishment that is consistent, immediate, and related to the offense is called _____ punishment. A. prudent B. imprudent C. appropriate D. effective

D. effective

In a study cited in your textbook, those adults who recalled being spanked or slapped as a child, were more likely to report all but which of the following? A. anxiety disorders B. alcohol problems C. change of behavior D. antisocial behavior

C. change of behavior

Ellen has just run across the street against her parents' wishes. Her parents firmly explain to her that she must not do that again because she could get hurt. Ellen's parents are using _____ as a form of discipline. A. inductive techniques B. power assertion C. withdrawal of love D. external reinforcement

A. inductive techniques

Demands, threats, denial of privileges and spanking are considered _____ forms of discipline. A. a withdrawal of love B. a power assertive C. an inductive D. a negative reinforcing

B. a power assertive

According to the textbook, the choice and effectiveness of a disciplinary strategy will depend on all but which of the following? A. personality of the parent B. personality and age of the child C. type of infraction D. quality of relationship between parent and child

C. type of infraction

An important goal of parental discipline is to help the child develop self-discipline. The most effective disciplinary strategy to achieve this goal is A. induction B. power assertion C. withdrawal of love D. physical punishment

A. induction

Which kind of parental style emphasizes control and unquestioning obedience? A. authoritarian B. permissive C. authoritative D. egalitarian

A. authoritarian

When Barbara asks her father why she is not allowed to play in the street, he says, "Because I say so, and if you don't do what I say, you will get a spanking." This illustrates the _____ style of parenting. A. permissive B. authoritarian C. authoritative D. longitudinal

B. authoritarian

Which kind of parent tends not to set rules, but allows children to monitor their own behavior? A. authoritarian B. permissive C. authoritative D. egalitarian

B. permissive

Five-year-old Tommy's parents let him go to bed whenever he chooses. He can explore the neighborhood and go to anyone's house anytime he wishes. Which style of parenting is this? A. authoritarian B. permissive C. authoritative D. egalitarian

B. permissive

Authoritative parents A. allow children to make judgments about proper behavior B. rely on strict rules C. never impose punishment D. rely on children's fear of losing their love

A. allow children to make judgments about proper behavior

Research suggests that the most self-reliant, self-controlled, and contented children have parents who are A. authoritarian B. permissive C. authoritative D. egalitarian

C. authoritative

The parenting style in African American families that combines warmth and affection with firm parental control is called _____ parenting. A. authoritarian B. no nonsense C. authoritative D. do what I say

B. no nonsense

Prosocial behavior is A. motivated by concern for another person B. motivated by reward and punishment C. a form of social learning D. the main goal of socialization

A. motivated by concern for another person

Factors that have consistently been related to prosocial behavior include A. gender of the child B. parent's income C. age of the child D. social status of the family

C. age of the child

Jenny offered to share her peanut butter and jelly sandwich (her favorite kind) with another child who had no lunch. Jenny is most likely to be A. at least 6 years old B. from a high-income family C. advanced in moral reasoning D. a very thoughtful child

C. advanced in moral reasoning

A cognitive capability that is related to the occurrence of prosocial behavior is A. obedience B. detachment C. empathy D. gender identity

C. empathy

Parents of prosocial children tend to do all of the following except A. encourage reflection on actions B. emphasize ethical principles C. emphasize obedience D. set high standards

C. emphasize obedience

In addition to modeling altruistic behavior themselves, parents can promote prosocial behavior in their children by A. discouraging their children from watching television B. encouraging viewing of television programs such as "Barney & Friends" that depict cooperation, sharing, and empathy C. using power-assertive techniques to discipline their children D. lecturing their children about honesty and proper behavior

B. encouraging viewing of television programs such as "Barney & Friends" that depict cooperation, sharing, and empathy

Parents of prosocial children tend to discipline them by A. reasoning B. scolding C. spanking D. withdrawing affection

A. reasoning