VET116 Final Exam

Some pathogens require direct contact with a host to be transmitted, while others can be transmitted via aerosols. Which characteristic of pathogens do these differences illustrate?

Mode of infection

The ____________ is part of the kidneu in which the renal artery and the renal vein attach to the kidney.

hilus

Which term describes reproductive cells such as spermatozoa and ova?

Gametes

Which type of antibody is the largest and typically the first found after exposure to an antigen?

IgM

How do tears, saliva, and nasal discharge contribute to the body's first line of defense?

Fluid helps flush pathogens out of the body.

Right after birth, the mammary glands secrete which substance?

Colostrum

Choose the best description of daughter cells formed by meiosis.

Genetically distincy haploid cells

Which substances are released to signal the beginning of an inflammatory process?

Cytokines, histamine, and prostaglandins

Why are catabolism and anabolism opposite processes?

Catabolism involves breaking nutrients down to produce energy; anabolism involves using energy to assemble larger molecules

The cow has a _____________ type of placental attachment in which multiple, discrete areas form attachments.

cotyledonary

The hollow ball of cells that implants in the uterus is called a

blastocyst.

Which chamber of the heart does blood returning from systemic circulation enter first?

Right atrium

A kilocalorie is the amount of energy required to

raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by one Celsius degree.

Which part of the avian digestive tract is considered the glandular portion of the stomach, where chemical digestion begins?

Proventriculus

In a healthy animal, antidiuretic hormone would need to be released into the bloodstream when

more water needs to be retained because electrolyte levels such as sodium are high.

What's the fate of a pathogen following phagocytosis?

The pathogen is engulfed and digested by a phagocyte.

Which two chambers of the heart does the mitral valve separate?

The left atrium and the left ventricle

Because infant ruminants ingest milk rather than plant materials, and fermentation of the milk is unnecessary, the reticular groove bypasses the ____________ of the ruminant stomach in very young animals.

rumen

Where in the lungs does gas exchange take place?

Alveoli

Diastolic blood pressure is the pressure

remaining when the left ventricle relaxes.

How does the diaphragm facilitate breathing?

To breathe in, the diaphragm moves caudally to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity.

Ruminants tend to eat significant amounts of complex carbohydrates such as ___________, which requires microorganisms in their compound stomachs for digestion.

cellulose

A fetus relies on the _________ for oxygen and other nutrients.

placenta

What's the role of amylase in saliva?

Involved in the digestion of sugars

Which of the following best describes the cervix?

A muscular opening to the uterus that dilates during estrus and labor

Which layer of blood vessels contains smooth muscle?

Middle layer

Fox ovulate once per year, so they're considered

monoestrous.

Which of the following structures connects the epididymis to the urethra?

Vas deferens

The ___________ artery supplies blood to the cells of the heart.

coronary

Which of the following cells would be expected to have a diploid number of chromosomes?

Zygote

Why are testicles situated externally in most mammals?

Body temperatures are typically too high for sperm development.

From anterior to posterior, what are the three areas of the small intestine called, labeled in this diagram as 1, 2, and 3, respectively?

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Nostrils are more formally known as

nares.

From innermost to outermost, what are the three primary layers of the kidneys?

The medulla is the innermost layer, the cortex is the outer layer surrounding the medulla, and the capsule is the tough, transparent membrane on the outside of the kidney.

Choose the statement that best describes mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT).

Found in mucous membranes throughout the body, MALT is lymphoid tissue that helps the body monitor antigens and initiate an immune response.

The outermost layer of the GI tract, called the _______, is tough and made of connective tissue.

serosa

Which structure functions as a gate to keep food from entering the larynx?

Epiglottis

Glucose can be used to produce ATP in which of the following cellular processes?

Aerobic cellular respiration

In which state does urine become diluted with water because there's more water than the body needs?

Diuresis

Mucous membranes have cellular projections called _________ to help trap pathogens in mucus.

cilia

What's the function of the sinoatrial node?

Begins electrical impulses in the heart

The __________ functions to produce fluid secretions that are added to sperm to create semen.

prostate gland

Which components are considered the first line of defense for the immune system?

Skin and mucous membranes

Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is delayed, taking several days to develop?

Type IV

In cellular respiration, pyruvate can be metabolized in the mitochondria or converted to lactic acid. The availability of __________ is the primary determinant of which pathway occurs.

oxygen

Many reptile species have protective structures in their dermis called

osteoderms.

Which of the following enzymes is involved in digesting fats?

Lipase

An anaphylactic reaction is which type of hypersensitivity reaction?

Type I

Which value represents the amount of blood that the left ventricle pumps over one minute?

Cardiac output

Cholesterol is made of four interlocking hydrocarbon rings. Which class of lipids does cholesterol belong to?

Steroids