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Urbanization
The growth of cities due to industrialization and migration.
Population Growth
Increase in population due to improved living conditions and industrial progress.
Growth of Middle Class
Expansion of a new social class benefiting from industrial wealth.
Industrial Working and Living Conditions
Harsh factory work, long hours, poor housing, and health risks.
Socialism
Economic system where the government owns and controls key industries to reduce inequality.
Communism
A classless, stateless society where the means of production are owned collectively.
Capitalism
Economic system where private individuals control production and operate for profit.
Free Market
An economic system where prices are determined by supply and demand with minimal government interference.
Industrial Revolution
Period of rapid industrial growth beginning in the 18th century, transforming economies and societies.
Tokugawa Japan / Edo Period
Feudal era of Japan (1603-1868) marked by political stability and isolation.
Shogun
Military ruler of Japan during the feudal period.
Shogunate
System of government led by a shogun.
Kabuki
Traditional Japanese theater combining drama, dance, and music.
Sakoku (Closed Door Trade Policy)
Isolationist policy restricting foreign trade and contact.
Meiji Restoration
Political and social revolution in Japan (1868) ending shogunate rule and modernizing the nation.
Japanese Industrialization
Rapid industrial and military modernization of Japan following the Meiji Restoration.
Colony
A territory controlled by a foreign power.
Protectorate
A state controlled and protected by another.
Karl Marx
Philosopher and economist known for developing the theory of communism and critiquing industrial capitalism.
Adam Smith
Economist and philosopher known for advocating free-market economies in 'The Wealth of Nations.'
Tokugawa Ieyasu
Founder of the Tokugawa Shogunate, which ruled Japan for over 250 years under a policy of isolation (sakoku).
Matthew Perry
U.S. naval officer whose expedition in 1853-1854 forced Japan to open its ports to Western trade.
Sphere of Influence
An area where one nation has significant cultural, economic, or political influence.
Imperialism
A policy of extending a country's power through diplomacy or military force.
The White Man's Burden
A justification for imperialism based on the belief that Westerners had a duty to civilize other cultures.
Scramble for Africa
The rapid invasion, colonization, and division of African territories by European powers.
East India Company
British company that controlled trade and territory in India before direct British governance.
Opium Wars
Conflicts between Britain and China over trade imbalances and the opium trade.
Berlin Conference
1884-1885 meeting where European powers divided Africa without African input.
Jewel in the Crown
Term for India as the most valuable British colony.
Boxer Rebellion
Anti-foreign, anti-Christian uprising in China (1899-1901).
Crimes Against Humanity
Serious violations of human rights on a large scale.
The Belgian Congo
Site of severe exploitation and human rights abuses under King Leopold II.
Sepoy Rebellion
1857 uprising of Indian soldiers against British rule, also known as the Indian Mutiny.
Boer War
Conflicts between British and Boer settlers in South Africa (1880-1881, 1899-1902).
King Leopold II
Belgian king responsible for the exploitation of the Congo.
George Washington Williams
African-American historian who exposed atrocities in the Congo.
Menelik II
Ethiopian emperor who successfully resisted Italian colonization.
The Boxers
Chinese secret society that led the Boxer Rebellion against foreign influence.
Triple Entente / Allied Powers
Alliance between France, Russia, and Great Britain during WWI.
Triple Alliance / Central Powers
Alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy (later joined by the Ottoman Empire).
Battle of Tannenberg
Major Eastern Front battle where Germany defeated Russia in 1914.
Battle of the Somme
1916 battle known for its heavy casualties and limited Allied gains.
Trench Warfare
Defensive military strategy characterized by dug-in positions and prolonged stalemates.
MAIN Causes of WWI
Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism.
Russian Revolution
Series of uprisings in 1917 leading to the fall of the Tsar and the rise of Bolshevik rule.
Propaganda
Information used to promote a political cause or viewpoint.
Lusitania
British passenger ship sunk by a German U-boat, influencing U.S. entry into WWI.
Zimmerman Telegram
German proposal to Mexico to join the war against the U.S.
Treaty of Versailles
1919 treaty imposing harsh penalties on Germany and reshaping Europe.
Fourteen Points
Woodrow Wilson's plan for postwar peace and the creation of the League of Nations.
