Violent Offenders - Exam 2

Research examining most of the crime most typically involves studying samples compromised of individuals who have been...

involved in criminal activity. (target population; easy to obtain

One of the simplest and classical forms of measuring offense severity is by...

developing scales or weights and measures to rank the severity of crimes such as property crimes, drug crimes, violent crimes, violent offenses.

These two things are used depending on the violent nature of the crime...

Number scales or major minor rating

It is needed to ensure that each crime is measured correctly

consistency

According to a study by A.A. Blokland ______________ crimes are far more common than _____________ crimes.

Property; violent

why are property crimes way more common than violent crimes?

because property crimes are easier to get away with and do not have super harsh penalties/conswequences like violent crimes do.

what does it mean by consistency is needed to ensure that each crime is measured correctly?

tests should use the same type of methodology (keep the questions/number of questions etc. consistent/similar

Studying ____________ ______________ is important as offenders rarely start with serious offenses and then de-escalate to less severe crimes (like shoplifting?)

offense severity

_____________ ___ ____________ incarcerated is thought to cover two aspects of severity; harmfulness and wrongfulness

length of time

Why is lack of employment a key factor in understanding the development of serious violent offending

lack of employment keeps them busy; without a job, they can't meet their needs/wants so they commit crime to get it.

According to a study by Van der Geest from the Netherlands, over a _____ _____ period offenders that were incarcerate were ________ likely to be employed when free in the community and when they were employed spent ______ time in their position.

10 year; less; less

When these offenders were freed they faced ______ levels of employment due to the _____________ ________ and due to ___________ _________ _____________.

low; selection process; underlying risk factors

What are the top three things we need to make sure offenders have when they get out of incarceration?

-transportation

-employment

-place to live

Companies have a fear of...

hiring people with past criminal records

what can we possibly due to get companies to get over the fear of hiring people with past criminal history

-people with criminal history have to work twice as hard

-WOTC: Work Opportunity Tax Credits

-recommendation from P.O.

-new businesses are more likely to hire them

it is a personality disorder characterized by a distinctive pattern of deficits in interpersonal, affective, and behavioral functioning

psychopathy

individuals characterized by symptoms of psychopathy are...

impulsive, gradiosc, emotionally cold, manipulative, callous, arrogant, dominant, irresponsible, short-tempered, sensation seeking, lack planning, and typically do not care about the consequences of their actions.

This is when offenders cease offending and other anti-social behavior

desistance

this is where offenders have appeared to terminate or slow down the rate of offending over time, but only explained by the offender's early death or inopportunity to offender due to constraints created by incarceration

false desistance

One of the most popular theories of crime is provided by Michael Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi who assert that...

low self-control is the chief variable that predicts crime and criminal behavior.

A core characteristic of Gottfredson and Hirschi general theory of crime (e.g. hot tempered, impulsive, action oriented, unempathetic, unable to dely gratification) could be constructed as a

softened abbreviation of psychopathy

known to be able to inflict violence with ease and can be an important risk factor when evaluating violent crime, homicide and even sexual offending

psychopaths

What should we do when we see someone lose their self-control?

change our approaches

Preoccupation with weapons, violence, thoughts of being persecuted, psychopathic like personality, they are typically isolated individuals, bullied as children, displayed an affinity or preoccupation with weapons and violence, psychopathic-like personalities marked by rigid or obsessive beliefs, delusional suspiciousness and narcissism. Preoccupation with cruelty towards animals

mass murderer

Why are mass murderers preoccupied with killing animals?

because no one will go looking for them or report, it easy to get away with, consequences aren't severe.

True or False: Most violent offenders are adult males

true

Theodore Million and Roger Davis discuss that many murderers can be characterized as...

malevolent psychopaths, which is a particularly negative subtype of offender who is belligerent, mordant, rancorous, vicious, brutal, callous, and vengeful.

Mass murderers often intentionally torture their victims for the purpose of their own...

pleasure and satisfaction

True/False: Mass murderers don't plan things out and they select people they know as victims

false, they plan things out and select strangers as their victims.

True/False: Mass murderers beat their victims and hold them as captives

True

Why do mass murderers select strangers as their victims?

because it won't be personal for them. If it is someone they know their is a greater risk of getting caught, feeling bad for what they are doing depending on who it is, and it will be personal to them

Several studies reveal that psychopathy is the...

indispensable predictor of violent recidivism among children, adolescents, and especially adults.

Among a sample of incarcerated U.S. adolescents, psychopathic youths were found to have __________ rates of ________________ violence...

higher; instrumental

violence where the victims required medical attention, and assaults with deadly weapons.

instrumental violence

Wade Myers examined the psychiatric history, criminal history, and family history of 16 juvenile sexual homicide offenders and he discovered a....

long list of severe risk factors with many of them related to psychopathy...

the most prevalent of risk factors found in the 16 juvenile sexual homicide offenders were an...

impaired capacity to feel guilt, serious school problems, child abuse victimization, prior arrest history, sadistic fantasy, and psychopathic personality

Richard Rogers and his colleagues studies 448 psychopathic prisoners and the study revealed that...

as children psychopathic inmates forced others into sexual activity, were physically cruel to others, used weapons in fights, deliberately destroy property, committed arson, and were cruel to animals.

Psychopaths typically have ________ arrests, more _________________ convictions, and take great pride in their ________- __________ behavior

more; criminal; anti-social

misbehaving while incarcerated

institutional violence

psychopathy is a strong predictor of whether an inmate will continue to misbehave while incarcerated, especially those offenders convicted of....

committing the most physically aggressive types of offenses

How to handle institutional violence to protect others

-segregation (isolate) maybe individually, however that would be super expensive

-treatment/programs/rehab/vocation that targets their behaviors.

It involves an intention to do harm to another, or at least a willingness to actively seek out and injure another person

Predation

Predation can be seen when armed robbers make a choice to...

"hold up" an individual or commercial establishment

when a rapist takes the time to stalk his victim and then, when the risk of being identified or caught is the...

lowest, commits his crime

Predatory offenders are not driven by...

opportunities or situational possibilities

True/False: Predatory offenders are typically female

false, they're male

Most predators to:

elderly and children

physical aggression is a nearly universal human capacity that is...

"normal" early in life but becomes more uncommon in children over time as they age

the neocortex is the part of the brain that sits on top of the

limbic system

the neocortex takes more than ___ years to develop

20

it is responsible for the human abilities of planning, delaying, gratification, impulse control, and rational thought.

the neocortex

___________has the ability to override the initial limbic impulses, given that the cortex is intimately "__________" into the limbic system.

the cortex; wired

why do we get less aggressive as we age?

-as you get older = higher penalties

-society is less acceptable

-maturity levels

they carry messages between neurons in the brain and are triggered when an electric charge travels down the axon and is released from the synaptic cleft.

neurotransmitters

There are two classes of neurotransmitters what are they?

-excitory

-inhibitory

excitory neurotransmitters such as _________________ instigate ______________

dopamine; movement

inhibitory neurotransmitters such as __________________, reduce _________________

serotonin; motivation (the break system: a criminal without a break system get violent and bad things happen)

Genes do not cause....

behavior, instead genes create conditions that enable various human traits to be expressed in terms of personality, thinking patterns, and ultimately behavior

predatory offenders often have problems with

self control

Predatory offenders act...

-impulsively,

-they are narcissistic,

-appear to relate pain that they cause others,

-act aggressively without being provoked.

Tends to "masculinize" the developing male brain, leading to several effects

testosterone

the first effect of testosterone hormone flood is that it...

creates what has been termed the "male brain"

the male brain tends to excel in tests of...

spatial skills, the ability to focus, map reading, mathematics, and science.

the male brain shows a ___________ desire to seek risks and has ___% more area dedicated to ____________.

greater; 10; aggression

the second effect of high testosterone in the developing brain can be seen in the....

social behavior of males

men are generally more ___________ oriented than women and ascribe to status hierarchies more than women.

status

is one of the most cited causes of men's violence against partners both physical and sexual

sexual jealousy

according to the U.S. Department of Justice, ____% of reported incidents of nonfatal violence against women age 12 or older was committed by an ______________ _______________.

22%; intimate partner

what will often occur when men monopolize their partner's time and men's sexual inducement increases

physical violence

according to other reported statistics, _____% of female homicides were committed by an ______________ _____________.

30%; intimate partner

D.M. Buss developed a taxonomy that organized mate retention behaviors into five categories:

-acts of direct guarding function to keep a partner under surveillance (track their phone, social media, watch them or follow them)

-acts of interpersonal negative inducements include threats to punish a partner's infidelity (cheat on me or I'll hurt you, or I'll hurt myself

-acts of positive inducements to include expressions of affection and care

-acts of public signals of possession include acts intended to signal possession of a partner to potential rivals (arm around person, hold their hand, insta posts, flowers to places)

-acts of intrasexual negative inducements include acts intended to threaten potential rivals and thereby deter them from encroaching on the relationship ("back off she/he is mine", threats)

this is another hypothesized example of male sexual jealousy, which may be a response to a perceived risk of sperm competition

male sexual coercion and rape of an intimate partner

goetz and shackleford found that ______% of men admitted to at least one incidence of raping their current partner.

7.3%

_____% of women reported having experienced at least _____ incidence of rape by their current partner.

9.1%; once

Goetz and Shackleford found a __________________ relationship between men's nonviolent controlling behaviors and men's ____________ coercion of their partners.

positive; sexual

Research has found a ________________ relationship between men's suspicion and accusations of partner _______________, and men's sexual coercion

positive; infidelity

sex is used as a tool to change their...

behavior