Communication Sciences and Disorders Exam 3 Review

Chapters: - 10 12 13 ; 2 ; imported from Quizlet

What is Auditory / Aural Rehabilitation?

Intervention with techniques for individuals with hearing impairment to improve communication function in the areas of:

- Listening

- Speaking

Intervention

Creating an individualized program to maximize function in activities of daily living

Aural Rehabilitation

- Provided to individuals who had normal hearing function earlier in life and then developed a hearing impairment.

- Intervention focuses on improving communication to compensate for reduced hearing acuity

Aural Habilitation

- Individuals who have reduced hearing acuity at birth

- Intervention also focuses on strategies to compensate for reduced hearing acuity

Hard of hearing

An impairment of hearing that can range from mild to severe

Deafness

An impairment of hearing that results in minimal to no functional hearing

How/where did auditory rehabilitation begin?

It resulted in response to World War II veterans because soldiers who served experienced noise-induced hearing loss. Prior to this, there were no programs available to address hearing loss for adults with previous functional hearing. This need resulted in the creation of the field of Audiology.

From 1950 -1980 the field of audiology focused on

• diagnosis of hearing loss; there was less attention on intervention for rehabilitation of hearing loss.

• During that timespan, it was considered unethical for an audiologist to be involved in hearing aid sales.

• Rehabilitation was typically provided by salespeople, not hearing professionals.

Early amplification (prior to the 20th century) was provided by

reducing noise and directing the message directly to the ear.

Hearing Devices

Function to increase the loudness of sound

Hearing aids are comprised of

a microphone, amplifier and a speaker

The first electronic hearing aid was released in

about 1900

Hearing aids were initially

large and were external, table-top, devices

In the 1990's, hearing aid technology advanced from

analog to digital

Current hearing technology interfaces with

blue tooth

Improvement in function and size of hearing aids (with smaller devices) was made possible with advances in technology; this included

transistors and miniature batteries

Phonology characteristics

- consonant and vowel omissions, substitutions and distortions

- less visible phonemes more likely to be misarticulated

- acoustic features of phonemes can influence perception and production

Semantics characteristics

vocabulary can range from normal to severely impaired

Syntax characteristics

- short and simple sentences

- incorrect word order and sentence constructions

Pragmatics characteristics

- limited understanding of figurative language, idioms, metaphors

- restricted range of communicative intents such as conversational skills

Voice characteristics

- quality is impaired, likely to be hypernasal

- pitch is likely to be high

- regulation of loudness may be impaired

Suprasegmental features characteristics

- slow speaking rate

- impaired speech intonation and phrasing

Hearing Rehabilitation Treatment Approaches

- surgery

- hearing devices

- assistive listening devices

- auditory implants

Speech reading is also known as

lip reading

Speech reading

- Also includes use of speaker's facial expression, gestures and hand movements

- Not all sounds are visible:

* 30% of English consonants and vowels are visible

* Must "fill in the gaps" to read what is spoken

- Speech reading is usually combined with use of other assistive technology

____% of English consonants and vowels are visible

30

Speech reading is usually combined with

use of other assistive technology

Otolaryngology (Otology)

Addresses particular issues with the tympanic membrane and the middle ear

1. Myringotomy

2. Tympanoplasty

Cued Speech

- Designed to assist with reduced visibility in speech reading

- The hand shapes/signals indicate the sound

Oral / Aural approach

- This rehabilitation approach targets improving both speech and hearing functions

- Targets speech articulation, hearing aids and speech reading

- Goal - to communicate via spoken language in a hearing world

- Use of biofeedback can be utilized to target intelligible speech production

* Nasometer

* Visipitch

Oral

the mouth

Aural

the ear

Nasometer

measures simultaneously the relative amplitude of acoustic energy being emitted through the nose and mouth during phonation

Visipitch

an instrument used by speech-language pathologists that displays pitch, amplitude, and spectral characteristics of speech production.

Myringotomy

incision into the tympanic membrane

tympanoplasty

surgical repair of the tympanic membrane and middle ear

Manual Approach

- movement of the hands, body, face and head to communicate

- use of the visual mode to communicate

Includes:

- Finger spelling

- Sign language

Simultaneous Communication Approach abbreviation

SimCom

Simultaneous Communication Approach

- promotes the use of all modes of communication for hearing impaired individuals

- focuses on effective communication

Culture

- "A system of values, attitudes, beliefs, and learned behaviors shared by a population."

- "Culture is shaped by factors such as geographic location, education, age and sex."

Hearing can also be a feature of an individual's ____

culture

There are two cultural perspectives

1. medical model

2. culture/community

Medical Model

- Views deafness as disability and an illness

- This definition implies that intervention such as surgery and or use of a device (like a hearing aid or a cochlear implant) can "fix" this "problem"

- Discourages separation from the hearing world

- Encourages the individual to develop oral skills

- Discourages use of sign language, alone

Deaf Culture / Community

- views deafness as a difference, not an illness or disorder

* As such, no surgery is required

- Within the deaf community there is a great amount of activity, socialization and accomplishment

- Terms:

* deaf - "d" - Refers to an individual who has profound hearing loss and utilizes oral communication as their first language

* Deaf - "D" - Refers to an individual who has profound hearing loss but does not view it as a disability. Would typically utilize sign language as their primary means of communication

Myringotomy surgery

- Completed to drain fluid accumulation within the middle ear space

- Relieves pressure by allowing the fluid to drain

- Typically, as part of this surgical procedure, ventilation tubes are placed within the incision

* This provides a way for fluid to continue draining

* These tubes typically "fall out" after about 9 months as the tympanic membrane closes at the site of the incision

Deaf Education founded by

Laurent Clerc and Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet

Laurent Clerc

An accomplished deaf academic from France - the "father of deaf education"

Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet

An American who collaborated with Clerc to found the first school for the deaf in the US, the American School for the Deaf (in CT)

Gallaudet University

- Established in 1864, it was the first university designed to accommodate deaf and hard of hearing students

- Hearing students can attend the graduate programs in speech language pathology and audiology

- Named after Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet; worked with Laurent Clerc to found the first school for the deaf in US

Cognitive Function in relation to hearing

- In the elderly population, individuals with severe hearing loss experience more significant declines in cognitive function