Bio - Test 1

emergent properties

result from arrangement and interaction of parts within a system

reductionism

reduce complicated things to their building blocks

Genome

entire collection of genes in an organism’s cell

Neurons

particular collection of active genes

active genes

used to make mRNA transcripts 

Transcriptome

entire collection of transcipts

proteome

entire collection of proteins

Kinases

signal molecules

telomeres

ends of DNA strands

Goal of science

to understand natural phenomenon

Goal of technology

To apply scientific knowledge for some specific purpose 

5 major disciplines to understand the cell

Cell biology 

Molecular biology/biochemistry/biophysics 

Genetics 

Genomics 

Developmental biology 

Unicellular v multicellular

Unicellular organisms (minus protists) perform all functions in a single cell

Multicellular organisms have specialized cells for different functions, but cells have the same basic structure

When and what was the first cell?

3.8 billion years ago

Membrane surrounding a self-replicating RNA

cell theory

All organisms are composed of one or more cells 

The cell is the basic structure of life 

Cells can arise only by division from a preexisting cell  

Cells

basic subunit of life

2 central contrasting themes of biology

There exists a tremendous diversity of unique life forms 

Fundamental mechanisms are universally shared by all life

Constancy

same characteristics in all cells

constancy in cells

All cells store their hereditary (genetic) info in the same linear code (DNA)  

All cells replicate their hereditary info by templated polymerization 

All cells transcribe portions of their hereditary info into the same intermediary form (RNA)  

All cells use proteins as catalysts called enzymes  

All cells translate RNA into protein in the same way

The fragment of genetic info corresponding to one protein is one gene  

Life requires free energy (ATP)

All cells function as biochemical factories dealing with the same basic molecular building blocks  

All cells are enclosed in a plasma membrane where nutrients and waste materials must pass  

All cells must have at least 500 genes

Ribozomes

RNA catalyst

Alternative spilicing

process where one gene can have multiple proteins

housekeeping genes

necessary genes for the cell to function 

Ionic bonds

bond where one atom gains/loses an electron and becomes charged

mid strength

Covalent bond

Covalent bonds form when 2 atoms share one or more electrons of outer-shell electrons

strongest

hydrogen bond

Covalent bonds between atoms with a big difference in electronegativity (H with NO), causing an uneven distribution of charge  

Carbon chemistry

4 valence electrons so C can form up to 4 covalent bonds

allows an endless diversity of carbon skeletons    

Hydrocarbons

Organic molecules with only carbon and hydrogen  

Simplest hydrocarbon is methane 

functional groups

groups attached to an atom’s skeleton

carbonyl, carboxyl, hydroxyl, amino

What does shape define

function

4 macromolecules

carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Carbohydrates

small sugar molecules and starch in cell walls

monosaccharide —> polysaccharide

Lipids

hydrophobic

Phospholipids make up the cell membrane

Nucleic acid

DNA & RNA

Store information to code for proteins

Nucleotides

phosphate group, nitrogenous base (A, T/U, C, G), pentose sugar (deoxyribose/ribose)

What is different btwn RNA & DNA?

RNA has ribose, U, and an OH group on Carbon 2

nucleoside

The portion of a nucleotide without the phosphate group

polynucleotides

nucleic acids polymers

Where is the phosphate group attached?

C5

Where is the nitrogenous base attached?

C1

What is the bond btwn nucleotides and where does it form

phosphodiester bond (type of covalent)

Btwn phosphate groups and C3

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid

2 antiparallel strands, forming a double helix

What bond is btwn nitrogenous bases

hydrogen

What is chargaf’s rule

equal amounts of C&G and A&T/U

Base pairings

A is always with T/U

G is always with C

Why is DNA spiraled

bc of base pair stacking

What is the difference btwn DNA strands

base pair sequence and antiparallel

RNA

ribonucleic acid

almost exactly the same as DNA

strands are several hundred to several thousand nucleotides in length

Hairpin

RNA folded on itself

Protein

polymer made of amino acid monomers and performs most tasks of the human body with a 3d shape

What are the bonds btwn AA

peptide

What is the process to form bonds called

dehydration synthesis

How many AA are there

20

What is AA structure

Central carbon bonded to an amino group (NH2), carboxyl group (COOH), H, and an r group

What are the n and c terminus

N-amino group of the 1st AA

C-carboxyl group of the last AA

Where do peptide bonds form

Btwn the amino and carboxyl group

Protein structure

primary —> secondary —> tertiary —> quaternary

Primary structure

the specific sequence of amino acids in a protein

What does the gene code for

protein structure

Secondary structure

The path that the AA chain backbone follows through 3D space 

either an alpha helix or a pleated sheet

hydrogen bonds btwn amino and carboxyl groups

Tertiary structure

Overall 3D shape of the protein  

bonding btwn r groups

Quaternary structure

More than 1 chain comes together to make a functional protein 

Disulfide bonds (covalent) btwn AA chains

Denature

drastic change in temperature or pH will cause a loss of shape which leads to a loss of function

The central dogma/flow of genes

DNA --> RNA --> Protein 

Replication = DNA --> DNA 

DNA --> RNA = transcription 

RNA --> Protein = translation