World History:French Revolution, Napoleon & Congress of Vienna, Congress of Vienna

Directory

corrupt 5 member council that ruled France

Coup d'Etat

French phrase meaning "blow to the state", refers to Napoleon Bonaparte's sudden seizure of power, when Napoleon took over

Napoleonic Code

system of laws made by Napoleon Bonaparte; gave France a uniform set of laws and eliminated many injustices

Trafalgar

site of the only major battle that Napoleon Bonaparte lost in his drive for a European empire, water; led by Adm. Nelson

Continental System

no one on the continent of Europe could trade with Britian

Scorched-Earth Policy

tactic of burning or destroying crops or anything else that might be of value to an invader

Leipzig

German city outside of which Napoleon faced the allied armies of the European powers; they defeated him

Elba

a tiny island off the Italian coast to which Napoleon Bonaparte was banished

Waterloo

Napoleon Bonaparte attacked this Belgium village in 1815; Napoleon's final war

Hundred Days

Napoleon Bonaparte's final bid for power; ended with his defeat at Waterloo

St. Helena

remote island in the South Atlantic; Napoleon spent his final six years there writing his memoirs

Concordat

agreement between Pope and Napoleon; separation between church and state

Battle of Austerlitz

Napoleon's forces defeat the Austria; his most cherished victory, near Vienna Austria, used tactics like divide and conquer

Louis XVIII

brother of Louis XVI, became King of France after Napoleon was sent to Elba

Plebiscite

system of voting that let the general people vote yes or no

war of 1812

caused by continental system, America vs. Britain

Nationalism

love of one's country

Consul

Napoleon's title after her took over the directory

Peninsular Campaign

when Napoleon took over Portugal and Spain

100 days comeback

Napoleon's comeback that lasted for this many days, final defeat at Waterloo

Old Regime

social and political system of France in the 1770s

estates - 3 social classes

The three social classes into which France was divided before the French Revolution, including the clergy, the aristocracy, and the common people

The Third Estate

was 98% percent of Frances population. The third estate contained three parts to it. (1) a city-dwelling middle class called the bourgeoisie, (2) urban lower class, (3) peasants. The bourgeoisie was the fastest and richest growing part of the third estate. They staged the French Revolution.

The First Estate

The clergy made up the first estate. They included archbishops, bishops, abbots, parish priests, monks, and nuns. There were 400,000 of them which made up 2% of the population

The Second Estate

made up of rich nobles. Only made up 2% od population, but owned 20% of land and paid almost no taxes. most hated enlightenment ideas b/c they threatened their status.

Louis XVI

king of France from 1774 to 1792 his failure to grant reforms led to the French Revolution; he and his queen (Marie Antoinette) were guillotined (1754-1793)

Marie Antoinette

queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular her extravagance and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband (1755-1793)

Estates-General

an assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France

National Assembly — came together

French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789

Tennis Court Oath

pledge made by members of France's National Assembly in which they vowed to continue meeting until a new constitution was drawn up

Storming of the Bastille

July 14, 1789 event; 1st sybolic act of violence against the monarchy the beginning of the French Revolution

Great Fear happened after ______ in _____.

a wave of senseless panic that spread through the French countryside after the storming of the Bastille in 1789.

Why were members of the Third Estate dissatisfied with life under the Old Regime?

It was unfair for them to be heavily taxed and they had little to no political power

How did Louis XVI's weak leadership contribute to the growing crisis in France?

He spent too much money on himself, he was a poor decision maker, too many wars.

How did the purpose of the meeting of the Estates-General in 1789 change?

they wanted to limit the monarchy, make one man one vote, create a National Assembly and a Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens

Rights of Man and Citizen

A document which was similar to the American Declaration of Independence; it preserved French citizens' natural rights.

A State controlled Church

Many of National Assembly's reforms focused on the church. They took over Church lands and declared that church officials and priests should be paid as state officials. The Catholic Church lost both it's lands and its political independence. They used the proceeds from the sale of land to pay off France's debt. This alarmed many devout French Catholics. Even though the thought that the church and state should be together was and Enlightenment idea, many Catholics were offended.

June 1791

Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI try to escape from Paris

Legislative Assembly

A French congress with the power to create laws and approve declarations of war

Factions split France

Food shortages and government debt still caused problems. The Legislative Assembly split into three groups. The Emigres, Jacobins and the Sans Culottes

Liberty, Equality, Fraternity

slogan of the French revolution that inspired nationalist feelings and the goal of the revolution

Emigres

Nobles, clergy, and others who had fled France and its revolutionary forces

sans-culottes

in the French Revolution, a radical group made up of Parisian wage-earners, and small shopkeepers who wanted a greater voice in government, lower prices, and an end of food shortages

Jacobin

(in the French Revolution) a member of a radical society or club of revolutionaries that promoted the Reign of Terror and other extreme measures, active chiefly from 1789 to 1794: so called from the Dominican convent in Paris, where they originally met.

guillotine

a device used during the French Revolution for beheading people

Maximilien Robespierre, what was he known for?

Leading figure of the French Revolution; he was known for his intense dedication to the Revolution. He became increasingly radical and lead the National Convention during its most bloodthirsty time

Reign of Terror - period

This was the period in France where Robespierre ruled and used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front. He tried rebels and they were all judged severely and most were executed

End of the Terror

Finally Robespierre goes too far and is arrested and sentenced to death., he is the last victim of the Terror.

What major reforms did the National Assembly introduce?

Limited the monarchy, wrote and constitution, natural rights for men.

What did the divisions in the Legislative Assembly say about the differences in French society?

First and Second Estate supported it because they were at the top and Paid little to no taxes

How did the Reign of Terror come to an end? after

After the loss of support for Robespierre and his execution

What were the percentages of the Estates in France?

First 1% Second 1-2% Third 97%

How did the printing press affect the French Revolution?

It help to educate people and spread enlightenment ideas.

Thomas Jefferson

Partial author of the Declaration of Independence and The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens

the Great Fear - rumors

rumors and panic among peasants who want an end to feudalism and complete control by the king and nobles

the National Assembly - tennis

took the Tennis Court Oath
seized control of the Catholic church's land
sought to limit the power of Louis XVI

France was at war with

Britain, Prussia and Austria

Robespierre - did what things?

abolished the Catholic church
created the Committee of Public Safety
created a 10 day calendar that got rid of Sundays
was himself guillotined

Louis XVI escape

was a complete failure
made him seem like a traitor to France
was an attempt to get to Marie Antoinette's family in Austria

almost 16,000 people

beheaded during the Terror

Napoleon

is a commander during the French Revolution
is a brilliant military mind
unites France and ends the Terror
becomes the sole emperor of France

Rights in the French Revolution

extended to land owning white males
did not include people of color or women

Napoleon's surrender year

1815

Goal of Congress of Vienna

balance of power

Members:

Quadruple Alliance + France

Who were the Great Powers?

Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia and France

Dominant Figure(Austrian foreign minister)

Prince Klemens von Metternich

What did conservatives believe in?

Natural rights could lead to chaos; change had to come slowly and they urged monarchs to use troops to crush protests