Chapter 1: What is Biotechnology
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78 Terms
What is Biotechnology?
Giving nature a set of tools to do something new
What are three traditional biotechnology products?
Yogurt, Bread, Cheese
What are 2 examples of modern biotechnology products?
Therapeutic Drugs, Enzymes in laundry detergents
When did the modern biotechnology industry begin?
The modern biotechnology industry began in the late 20th century, particularly in the 1970s with the advent of genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology.
When did humans begin selectively breeding plants and livestock?
Humans began selectively breeding plants and livestock around 10,000 years ago, during the Neolithic Revolution, as agriculture developed.
When was wine first invented?
The first wine was invented around 4,000 BC
Who developed brewing and cheesemaking and when?
The Egyptian and Sumerians in 2,000 BC
What was the first antibiotic used, which culture, and when?
The first antibiotic was moldy soybeans used by the Chinese in 500 BC
Who developed the first smallpox vaccine?
Edward Jenner in 1796
Who discovered Proteins?
Jons Jakob Berzelius discovers proteins
When was the origin of species published?
When was pasteurization first developed?
1861
When did mendel establish the principles of genetics
1865
Who developed the first rabies vaccine?
Louis Pasteur, 1885
When did the term “biotechnology“ first appear in print?
1919
Who discovered penicillin, and what year?
Alexander Fleming, 1928
Who discovered DNA as the carrier of the genetic information?
Oswald Avery
When was the double-helix structure of DNA Discovered?
1953
When was mRNA discovered?
1961
When was the Gene first completely synthesized?
1971
When was the recombinant insulin produced, by Which company?
Genentech, 1977
When was DNA fingerprinting first used?
1984
When were the first genetically modified tobacco plants grown?
1986
When was the Human Genome Project first launched?
1990
What was the first cloned mammal?
A sheep in 1997
When was golden rice first discovered?
1999
When was the human genome Project completed
2003
When was the first HPV vaccine approved?
2003
When was the first self-replicating bacterial cell created?
2010
When was CRISP-CAS9 used for gene editing?
2012
When were mRNA vaccines first used?
2021
What are sectors in biotechnology?
Medicine, Agriculture, Manufacturing, and Research
What are the key techniques in biotechnology?
Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Genetic Engineering
What is the ethical consideration around biotechnology?
Animal research
What are tools in biotechnology?
Whole cell, DNA, RNA, and Proteins
What are two of the key instruments in biotechnology?
Spectrophotometer, and PCR machines
What is chromatography?
Protein Sorting
What is gene transfer?
Delivery system
What is protein purification?
The final product
What is a spectrometers?
Light Absorption (quantify DNA, Proteins via light)
What is PCR?
Polymerase Chain Reaction
What are key components behind using biotechnology in national defense?
Biosurveillance
Which company was the founding biotechnology company? What was their first product?
Genentech, Humulin(insulin)
What is the difference between biotech and pharmaceutical industries?
Biotech is a biological drug, and Pharmaceutical is chemical drugs
Who are the key users of biotechnology?
Healthcare, Agriculture, Forensic, and National Defense
What is genomics?
Study of the entire genome
What is proteomics?
Study of all of protein expression
What is precision medicine?
Targets therapies based on genetic people
What happens during the drug discovery phase of drug development?
Lab animal testing
What happens during phase I clinical trials?
Testing safety
What happens during phase II clinical trials?
Effectivness
What happens during phase III clinical trials?
Confirm results
What are four common hazards in a lab?
Chemical, Biological, Physical, Fire-related
What does OSHA recommend to ensure safety?
Training(+annual training), and PPE
What must initial and recurring training cover?
Equipment location, safe handling, emergency responses
What is PPE?
Personal protective equipment
When should PPE be worn?
It must be worn at all times
What is eye protection?
Google, splash guards, and UV face shields
What is hand protection?
Latex/Nitrile gloves based in hazards
What are body and foot protection?
Lab coats, Closed-toe shoes
What is the MSDS?
Material Safety Data Sheets
When should fume hoods be used?
When handling volatile, or hazardous substances (harmful vapors)
What are Biosafety levels?
Categorization of labs by hazard
What is BSL 1?
Used for non-disease-causing organism; basic PPE (Teaching Lab)
What is BSL 2?
Moderate Hazards; requires access restriction signage, biological safety cabinets for aerosols (Human sampling)
What is BSL 3 & BSL 4?
High-level pathogens(e.g. Ebola) Rare and advanced, safety, and isolation (Advanced pathogens special isolation government facilities)
How should microorganism be disposed?
Via Autoclave or 10% Bleach soak
What tools measure volume?
Graduated cylinder (M Accuracy), Volumetric Flask (High Accuracy), Pipettes (Most Accurate), Micropipettes (<1ml)
What tools measure mass?
Analytical balances (0.001g accuracy)
What is normal body temp?
37*c
What is normal room temp?
22*C
What pH meters?
Measures pH
How should glassware be cleaned?
10% Bleach
What is an autoclave?
a “Reset Button“ to kill everything, that uses Pressurized steam to penatrate and denature
What are different methods for disinfections?
10% bleach
70% ethanol (not effective on spores)
UV Light, filtration and dry heat for special items
What is the purpose of a lab notebook?
Purpose, method, results, and conclusion
What are SI units?
Grams, Liters, Degrees Celsius
What is the dilution formula?
C1V1 = C2V2