nurse shai study guide hesi a2 anatomy

frontal plane

Divides the body into front and back portions.

Parasagital (parasagital plane)

dividing specimen into unequal parts left and right

oblique plane

passes through the body at an angle

transverse plane

divides the body into superior and inferior parts

4 main types of tissue

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

functions of integumentary system

temperature regulation

cell fluids maintenance synthesis of vitamin d and detection of stimuli

Layers of the epidermis (superficial to deep)

stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale

skin

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

skeletal system

Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to support movement. Made up of bones and joints

axial skeleton

Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column

appendicular skeleton

Bones of the limbs and limb girdles that are attached to the axial skeleton

cervical vertebrae

C1-C7

thoracic vertebrae

T1-T12

lumbar vertebrae

L1-L5

sacrum and coccyx

single bones that result from the fusion of several vertebrae

Muscular System

body movements

produces heat

posture

tendons connect

muscle to bone

ligaments connect

bone to bone

nervous system function

Recognizes and coordinates the body's response to changes in its internal and external environments

CNS

central nervous system; brain and spinal cord

sensory imformation

and responding

PNS (peripheral nervous system)

the sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body

sends messages to all parts of the body

endocrine system function

Secretes hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and metabolism by body cells

pineal gland

produces melatonin

Hypothlamus

part of the forebrain that regulates the amount of fear, thirst, sexual drive, and aggression we feel

pituitary gland

the master gland of the endocrine system; growth, metabolism and reproduction through hormones

thymus gland function

thymus regulates development of the immune system

parathyroid glands function

regulate calcium levels throughout the body

adrenal glands

a pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys. the adrenals secrete the hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which help to arouse the body in times of stress.

Pancreas

Regulates the level of sugar in the blood

Ovaries

Glands that produce the egg cells and hormones

Testes

male gonads produce sperm

lyphatic system

composed of lymphatic vessels, tissues, nodes, tonsils, spleen and lymph

B cells

a lymphocyte not processed by the thymus gland, and responsible for producing antibodies.

T cells

Cells created in the thymus that produce substances that attack infected cells in the body.

respiratory system

Brings oxygen into the body. Gets rid of carbon dioxide.

Pharynx

throat

Larynx

voice box

Trachea

windpipe

bronchial tubes

tubes that branch smaller and smaller into the lungs

digestive system

Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells.

urinary system functions

excretes waste products from the blood, controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced, stores urine prior to voluntary elimination, regulates blood ion concentrations and pH

repoductive system

a system of organs that involved with animal reproduction, especially sexual reproduction

cardiovascular system

Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood.

blood

A connective tissue with a fluid matrix called plasma in which red blood cells, white blood cells, and cell fragments called platelets are suspended.

RBC

erythrocytes

WBC

leukocytes

lymphocytes have

B and T cells fights viruses and makes antibodies

neutrophils (WBC)

kills bacteria, fungi and foreign debris

Monocytes

clean up damaged cells

eiosinophils

-fights parasites

Basophils

release histamine