Goniometer Landmarks

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shoulder abduction goni landmarks

Fulcrum: anterior aspect of acromion

Proximal arm: parallel to the midline of sternum

Distal arm: anterior midline of humerus- point to medial epicondyle

<p><span class="bgP">Fulcrum:</span> <em>anterior</em> aspect of <strong><em>acromion</em></strong></p><p><span class="bgB">Proximal arm:</span> <em>parallel </em>to the <strong><em>midline of sternum</em></strong></p><p><span class="bgY">Distal arm:</span> <em>anterior midline of humerus</em>- point to <strong><em>medial epicondyle</em></strong></p>

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shoulder flexion/shoulder extension goni landmarks

Fulcrum: lateral aspect of greater tubercle

Proximal arm: parallel to midaxillary line of thorax

Distal arm: lateral midline of humerus- point to lateral epicondyle

<p><span class="bgP">Fulcrum:</span> <em>lateral</em> aspect of <strong><em>greater tubercle</em></strong></p><p><span class="bgB">Proximal arm:</span> <em>parallel</em> to <strong><em>midaxillary</em></strong> <strong><em>line of thorax</em></strong></p><p><span class="bgY">Distal arm:</span> <em>lateral midline of humerus</em>- point to <strong><em>lateral epicondyle</em></strong></p>

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shoulder internal rotation/external rotation goni landmarks

Fulcrum: olecranon process

Proximal arm: perpendicular/parallel to the floor

Distal arm: lateral midline of the ulna- point to ulnar styloid process

<p><span class="bgP">Fulcrum:</span> <strong><em>olecranon process</em></strong></p><p><span class="bgB">Proximal arm:</span> <em>perpendicular/parallel</em> to the <strong><em>floor</em></strong></p><p><span class="bgY">Distal arm:</span><em> lateral midline of the ulna</em>- point to <strong><em>ulnar styloid process</em></strong></p>

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elbow flexion/extension goni landmarks

Fulcrum: lateral epicondyle of humerus

Proximal arm: lateral midline of humerus- point to center of acromion

Distal arm: lateral midline of radius- point to radial styloid process

<p><span class="bgP">Fulcrum</span>: <strong><em>lateral epicondyle </em></strong>of humerus</p><p><span class="bgB">Proximal arm</span>: lateral midline of humerus- point to <strong><em>center of acromion</em></strong></p><p><span class="bgY">Distal arm</span>: lateral midline of radius- point to <strong><em>radial styloid process</em></strong></p>

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forearm pronation goni landmarks

Fulcrum: lateral & proximal to ulnar styloid process

Proximal arm: parallel to midline of the humerus

Distal arm: across dorsal forearm; proximal and parallel to both radial and ulnar styloid processes

<p><span class="bgP">Fulcrum:</span> <strong><em>lateral </em></strong><em>& proximal</em> to<strong><em> ulnar styloid process</em></strong></p><p><span class="bgB">Proximal arm:</span> <em>parallel</em> to <strong><em>midline of the humerus</em></strong></p><p><span class="bgY">Distal arm:</span> across <strong><em>dorsal forearm</em></strong>; <em>proximal and parallel</em> to <em>both</em> radial and ulnar <strong><em>styloid processes</em></strong></p>

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forearm supination goni landmarks

Fulcrum: medial & proximal ulnar styloid process

Proximal arm: parallel to anterior midline of the humerus

Distal arm: across dorsal forearm; proximal and parallel to both radial and ulnar styloid process

<p><span class="bgP">Fulcrum:</span> <strong><em>medial</em></strong><em> & proximal</em> <strong><em>ulnar styloid process </em></strong></p><p><span class="bgB">Proximal arm:</span> <em>parallel </em>to anterior <strong><em>midline of the humerus</em></strong></p><p><span class="bgY">Distal arm:</span> across <strong><em>dorsal forearm</em></strong>; <em>proximal and parallel</em> to <em>both</em> radial and ulnar <strong><em>styloid process</em></strong></p>

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wrist flexion/extension goni landmarks

Fulcrum: lateral aspect of the wrist over the triquetrum

Proximal arm: lateral midline of ulna- point to olecranon

Distal arm: lateral midline of fifth metacarpal

<p><span class="bgP">Fulcrum:</span> <em>lateral aspect</em> of the wrist over the <strong><em>triquetrum</em></strong></p><p><span class="bgB">Proximal arm:</span> lateral midline of ulna- point to <strong><em>olecranon </em></strong></p><p><span class="bgY">Distal arm:</span> lateral midline of <strong><em>fifth metacarpal</em></strong></p>

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wrist radial/ulnar deviation goni landmarks

Fulcrum: dorsal aspect of wrist over capitate

Proximal arm: dorsal midline of the forearm- point to lateral epicondyle of humerus

Distal arm: dorsal midline of third metacarpal

<p><span class="bgP">Fulcrum</span>: <em>dorsal aspect</em> of wrist over <strong><em>capitate</em></strong></p><p><span class="bgB">Proximal arm</span>: <em>dorsal midline </em>of the forearm- point to <strong><em>lateral epicondyle </em></strong><em>of humerus </em></p><p><span class="bgY">Distal arm</span>: <em>dorsal</em> midline of <strong><em>third metacarpal</em></strong></p>

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hip flexion/extension goni landmarks

Fulcrum: lateral aspect of greater trochanter

Proximal arm: lateral midline of pelvis (between ASIS and PSIS)

Distal arm: lateral midline of femur using lateral epicondyle as reference

<p><span class="bgP">Fulcrum:</span> <em>lateral</em> aspect of <strong><em>greater trochanter</em></strong></p><p><span class="bgB">Proximal arm</span>: <em>lateral</em> <strong><em>midline of pelvis</em></strong> (between <strong><em>ASIS and PSIS</em></strong>)</p><p><span class="bgY">Distal arm:</span> <em>lateral midline of femur</em> using <strong><em>lateral epicondyle</em></strong> as reference</p>

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hip adduction/abduction goni landmarks

Fulcrum: ASIS of extremity being measure

Proximal arm: imaginary horizontal line connecting the two ASIS

Distal arm: anterior midline of the femur using midline of patella for reference

<p><span class="bgP">Fulcrum</span>: <strong><em>ASIS </em></strong>of extremity being measure</p><p><span class="bgB">Proximal arm</span>: imaginary horizontal line connecting the <strong><em>two ASIS</em></strong></p><p><span class="bgY">Distal arm</span>: anterior midline of the femur using <strong><em>midline of patella</em> </strong>for reference</p>

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hip internal/external rotation goni landmarks

Fulcrum: anterior aspect of patella

Proximal arm: perpendicular to floor or parallel to the support surface

Distal arm: anterior midline of lower leg using crest of tibia and midpoint between malleoli

<p><span class="bgP">Fulcrum</span>: <em>anterior</em> aspect of <strong><em>patella</em></strong></p><p><span class="bgB">Proximal arm</span>: <em>perpendicular</em> to <strong><em>floor </em></strong>or<strong><em> </em></strong><em>parallel</em><strong><em> </em></strong>to the support surface</p><p><span class="bgY">Distal arm</span>: <em>anterior midline of lower leg </em>using <strong><em>crest of tibia</em> </strong>and <strong><em>midpoint between malleoli</em></strong></p>

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knee flexion/extension goni landmarks

Fulcrum: lateral epicondyle of femur

Proximal arm: lateral midline of femur using greater trochanter as reference

Distal arm: lateral midline of fibula using lateral malleolus as reference

<p><span class="bgP">Fulcrum</span>: <strong><em>lateral epicondyle</em></strong> of femur</p><p><span class="bgB">Proximal arm</span>: <em>lateral midline of femur</em> using <strong><em>greater trochanter </em></strong>as reference </p><p><span class="bgY">Distal arm</span>:<em> lateral midline of fibula</em> using <strong><em>lateral malleolus</em> </strong>as reference</p>

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ankle dorsiflexion/plantar flexion goni landmarks

Fulcrum: lateral aspect of lateral malleolus

Proximal arm: lateral midline of fibula using head of fibula as reference

Distal arm: parallel to lateral aspect of 5th metatarsal

<p><span class="bgP">Fulcrum:</span> <em>lateral </em>aspect of <strong><em>lateral malleolus</em></strong></p><p><span class="bgB">Proximal arm</span>: <em>lateral midline of fibula</em> using <strong><em>head of fibula</em> </strong>as reference</p><p><span class="bgY">Distal arm:</span> <strong><em>parallel</em> </strong>to <em>lateral aspect</em> of <strong><em>5th metatarsal</em></strong></p>

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ankle inversion/eversion goni landmarks

Fulcrum: anterior aspect of ankle

midway between malleoli

Proximal arm: anterior midline of lower leg using tibial tuberosity as reference

Distal arm: anterior midline of 2nd metatarsal

<p><span class="bgP">Fulcrum:</span> <em>anterior </em>aspect of ankle</p><p><strong><em>midway between malleoli</em></strong></p><p><span class="bgB">Proximal arm:</span> <em>anterior midline of lower leg</em> using <strong><em>tibial tuberosity </em></strong>as reference</p><p><span class="bgY">Distal arm:</span> <em>anterior</em> <strong><em>midline of 2nd metatarsal</em></strong></p>