The Making of a New Nation, The Virginia Dynasty, Life in Antebellum America

19th Century Market Economy

A century that began to focus on cash, wages and set prices and supply and demand.

King Jackson

A named used mockingly by those united in their belief that President Jackson had too much power, known as the Whig Party.

The Second Great Awakening

A period associated with a push for free, public schooling in America due in part to an economy demanding a more educated society

Louisiana Purchase

This was an significant act on Jefferson's part that doubled the size of the U.S. overnight and provided a surplus of land for agricultural expansion for a very affordable price.

The Cherokee

An indigenous people that adopted 'white ways' but were forced to leave their land under President Jackson. They appealed their case to the Supreme Court.

The Virginia Dynasty

Period when the U.S. expanded the Supreme Court's role; earned international respect because of their military; and expanded politically, geographically, and economically.

Veto

Andrew Jackson would use this executive power against Congress as a way to increase his power over the government.

Alexis de Tocqueville

19th-century French author who was struck by the United States' social mobility and political participation by average citizens

Technological Advances

Industrial machines with mechanized parts, like the mechanical reaper and the steel plow, took the focus of the Market Economy.

The Cotton Gin

Eli Whitney invented this device that made separating the seeds from the fiber within a cotton plat as easy as turning a handle.

The Missouri Compromise of 1820

This compromise kept slavery from becoming the deciding factor in westward expansion and helped maintain the balance between slave and free states and postpone the Civil War.

Professional Teachers

One major result of the educational reform movement was the need for more individuals in this profession to serve in free public schools.

Jacksonian Democracy

A term that refers to President Jackson's policies geared toward the average working citizen, including fighting against monopolies and expanding the political nomination process

Native Americans

Andrew Jackson was very prejudiced against this group of people and supported their forced removal from their land.

The United States Bank

This financial institution came under direct scrutiny under the Jackson Administration. Jackson promptly vetoed the bill supporting it as he felt it was a monopoly that only benefited the rich.

War of 1812

This war was provoked against Great Britain because: American neutral rights were violated, Indian attacks, impressment of American seamen, and the opportunity to obtain part of Canada.

Chief Justice Marshall

This individual helped shape the judicial branch of government through these significant cases: Marbury vs. Madison, Fletcher v. Peck and McCulloch v. Maryland

The Election of 1824

The election that blocked Jackson from office. This convinced Jackson that the government needed to be rid of cronyism and big government.

Embargo of 1807

Jefferson waged an economic battle through this act in which the U.S. boycotted British imports and and experienced an 80% decrease in exports.

The Monroe Doctrine

A declaration by President Monroe that European nations could not control any place on the Western Hemisphere. It was the cornerstone of American foreign policy until WWI.

Market Revolution

This time period shifted peoples' way of thinking to that of a businessmen, considering cost, profit, etc.

The Age of the Common Man

The time period that focused on giving the average working person, or common man, the right to vote and have a voice.

James Madison

This president's time in office endured the War of 1812 which led to the Era of Good Feelings. He was also credited with chartering the second Bank and the Treaty of Ghent.

The Whig Party

A party created by those against Andrew Jackson. The name was not a reference to actual wigs, but the word 'whiggamore' or those who opposed the king.

Yeoman Farmers

Group of people Jefferson used to illustrate democracy because they were his ideal: small, sufficient landowners with an innate sense of responsibility.

Supreme Court

Justice Marshall impacted this system by expanding the power of the federal government.

John Quincy Adams

Attacks from the Jackson camp accused this figure of cronyism and big government. He spent a great deal of time his time in office enduring political assaults.

Which historic document does the following excerpt most likely come from? The American continents, by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers.

1. The Rush-Bagot Treaty

2. The Monroe Doctrine

3. The Missouri Compromise

4. Adams-Onis Treaty

5. The Era of Good Feelings

The Monroe Doctrine

Interpret the Monroe Doctrine from the perspective of the European powers.

The Doctrine warned them to stop involving themselves in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere.

Four of the first five presidents came from Virginia, and their collective decisions shaped the United States government for centuries to come. Which is NOT an action this group of leaders took?

1. They began to promote industry.

2. They increased the size of the federal government.

3. They adopted some of the Federalist platform.

4. They collapsed the Democratic-Republican Party.

5. They expanded presidential power.

They collapsed the Democratic-Republican Party.

Which political party dominated the early decades of the 19th century?

1. Know-Nothing

2. Whig

3. Democratic-Republican

4. Federalist

5. Anti-Federalist

Democratic-Republican

Which event is correctly paired with the associated territory?

1. The Missouri Compromise - Oregon Territory

2. Adams-Onís Treaty - Florida

3. The Rush-Bagot Treaty - Western Hemisphere

4. The Era of Good Feelings - Florida

5. The Monroe Doctrine - Maine

Adams-Onís Treaty - Florida

Which of the following best describes the victorious army at the Battle of New Orleans?

1. Andrew Jackson led an American squad of elite soldiers in an early 'special ops' mission.

2. Andrew Jackson led an American force of free blacks, state militiamen, and pirates.

3. Oliver Perry commanded a stealthy British fleet in a sneak attack on the city.

4. Oliver Perry commanded a heavily armed British fleet in a frontal attack on the city.

Andrew Jackson led an American force of free blacks, state militiamen, and pirates.

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the Treaty of Ghent?

1. Britain abandoned their Indian allies, which marks the second time Britain has abandoned them.

2. After the Treaty was agreed upon, there were no major conflicts between the U.S. and Britain.

3. The period in the aftermath of the Treaty was known as the end of the Federalist Party in America.

4. The British paid the U.S. government for a number of slaves who had escaped to Canada.

After the Treaty was agreed upon, there were no major conflicts between the U.S. and Britain.

Why was William Henry Harrison significant in the war of 1812?

He defeated the Indian coalition at the Battle of Tippecanoe.

Why did Tecumseh organize his social movement?

Because he wanted to revive the native religion and oppose the U.S. government.

Why did President Madison believe that the war of 1812 could be won?

Because he believed the British would be worn out by the French.

John Marshall permanently changed the Supreme Court's role in government. Which of the following best demonstrates his legacy?

1. He determined the right of citizens to appeal state decisions in the Supreme Court.

2. He secured the power of judicial review for the Supreme Court.

3. He established the right of the Executive Branch to make necessary and proper laws.

4. He established the authority of state laws over federal laws.

He secured the power of judicial review for the Supreme Court.

Which of the following is true about McCulloch v. Maryland?

1. Citizens cannot appeal state court decisions to the Supreme Court.

2. The Constitution implies that Congress has more power than what is enumerated.

3. Corporations essentially have the same rights as citizens.

4. The Supreme Court can decide if laws are unconstitutional and overturn them.

5. The national bank, and other things like it, are unconstitutional.

The Constitution implies that Congress has more power than what is enumerated.

According to Fletcher v. Peck, the Supreme Court asserted that, _____.

state legislation which violates federal law must be thrown out

How did Marbury v. Madison influence the role of the United States Supreme Court?

The Supreme Court can decide if laws are unconstitutional and overturn them.

What is judicial review?

The power to decide if a law violates the Constitution.

The two wars during the Antebellum Period

The antebellum years spanned the War of 1812 and the Civil War.

Romanticism

A reaction to the hyper-rational, scientific approach of the European Enlightenment. The artistic movement focused on the personal, emotional experience through visual art, music and literature.

Texas independence from Mexico

In 1836, Texas defeated Mexican General Santa Anna and declared its independence. Mexico never recognized Texas' independence and disputed its borders even after its annexation.

Dispute over Mexican border

Mexico insisted the border was at the Nueces River, while Texas insisted it was the Rio Grande.

Major reforms of the Antebellum Period

Temperance to limit and ban the consumption of alcohol, free public education, abolition, and feminism.

Compromise of 1850

This admitted California into the union as a free state; the remaining land from the Mexican cession was divided into states (New Mexico and Utah) with slavery to be decided upon at statehood.

Results of Manifest Destiny

An increase in conflict over keeping slavery in the southern states; Texas was annexed and became the 28th state, and eventually war broke out with Mexico.

Fugitive Slave Act

Slaves who ran away were not free; accused fugitives were denied trial; many truly free blacks became the victims of illegitimate claims. Slaves who ran away from the North would be retrieved.

The Webster-Ashburton Treaty

Resolved a long-standing border dispute between Canada and Maine

54-40 or Fight

Slogan suggesting that America go to war to get all of the Oregon Territory. President John Polk aggressively pursued all of Oregon territory and argued with Britain about the boundary lines.

Transcendentalism

At its core, transcendentalism emphasized the belief that by communing directly with nature, humans could transcend the sensory world and reach the supernatural.

The Republic of Texas

Texas was unique from the other states in the union because before it was annexed, it was an independent republic and sovereign nation in 1836.

Racism in the North during the Antebellum Period

Despite a growing abolition movement in the North, there was also apprehension about African Americans equality due to racism and competition for low-paying jobs.

Major focus of transportation technology

Steamboats and canals. Travel time and shipping rates dropped dramatically by utilizing waterways.

Obtaining the 'lower 48'

Achieved through the Gadsden Purchase, Franklin Pierce completed the remaining land of the United States for $10 million, expanding southern territory.

Major area of improvement during the Antebellum Period

Transportation. A number of entrepreneurs contributed to the transportation revolution that provided new and cost-effective methods of travel like roads and turnpikes.

Top priority of southern gentlemen

In southern societies, the men valued honor above all else, doing whatever it took to preserve the dignity of their family name, white women and children.

Discovery at Sutter's Mill

California was recently added to the U.S. through the Mexican Succession. James Marshall was overseeing construction on a saw mill for John Sutter when he discovered a shiny object: gold.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

The main provision of this treaty was America's right to buy about half of Mexico's land for $15 million (the Mexican Cession), including Arizona, California, New Mexico, Utah, and Nevada.

Settlements in Texas in the 19th century

Mexico had difficulty attracting settlers into the Northeast, so they loosened their immigration standards and encouraged Americans to settle in Texas.

Manifest Destiny

A widely held belief (often romanticized) in the 19th century of extending America's borders from coast to coast as a God-given purpose (or destiny).

Seneca Falls Convention of 1848

The first major convention to bring attention to women's rights and was also considered the beginning of the modern feminist movement.

Romanticism influence on paintings

The generation before Romanticism focused on people, however, with the influence of Romanticism on paintings, dramatic landscapes and outdoor scenes took center stage.

The southern economy during the Antebellum Period

The South's economy at this time was centered on cash crops. Many advocated for economic diversity, but resources were spent on land and slaves, leaving hardly anything for investing.

In the interior of the nation, which was the most important means of shipping in the early 19th century?

1. Stagecoaches

2. Railroads

3. Steamboats

4. Canals

5. Turnpikes

Canals

Which were hindrances to building railroads in the early 19th century?

I. Turnpike operators opposed it.

II. Canal building had sapped state funds.

III. Passengers were scared to ride on trains.

IV. The Panic of 1837 limited private funding.

I, II and IV

What was the Clermont?

The first commercial steam ship in the U.S.

After mid-century, which was the most important means of transportation through the interior of the nation?

1. Canals

2. Railroads

3. Steamboats

4. Stagecoaches

5. Turnpikes

Railroads

Which best describes the federal government's position on building transportation networks?

1. It supported internal improvements in theory but could not raise the funds to build them.

2. It opposed such internal improvements, believing they were best left to states and private investors.

3. It was divided, with Republicans supporting internal improvements and Democrats opposing them.

4. It wanted to build railroads but not canals.

5. It supported internal improvements and aggressively pursued building transportation networks.

It opposed such internal improvements, believing they were best left to states and private investors.

In the U.S. antebellum period, enslaved people in the task system worked until the task was completed. Which type of enslaved person was most likely to work under the task system?

1. A house enslaved person on a cotton plantation

2. An urban enslaved person who had a skilled trade

3. A field hand on a cotton plantation

4. A house enslaved person on a rice plantation

5. A field hand on a rice plantation

A field hand on a rice plantation

How did the environmental differences of the North and the South of the U.S. impact their economies in the antebellum period?

The rivers in the North powered machinery and the climate in the South enabled the production of cash crops.

Which best describes Southern U.S. society in the antebellum era?

1. Many rich white people owned enslaved people and ran plantations.

2. It had a loose structure in which anyone could move up.

3. It had a stable structure with four basic social classes.

4. It opposed the rigid class structure of Europe.

5. Most white people were equal, while Black people were not.

It had a stable structure with four basic social classes.

All of the following were reasons for the expansion of the 'old Southwest' in the U.S. EXCEPT.

1. The end of the slave trade

2. The opening of land along the Gulf Coast

3. Rising cotton prices

4. The invention of the cotton gin

5. The shift from tobacco to cotton

The end of the slave trade

Which is TRUE of Southern industry in the antebellum era of the U.S.?

1. It accounted for about 1/3 of America's manufacturing.

2. It didn't really exist.

3. Its manufactured goods were rarely exported.

4. It provided about 60% of U.S. exports.

5. It focused on banking and finance.

Its manufactured goods were rarely exported.

Why was there so much popular support for expansionism?

Because it offered people a second chance with new opportunities in business and cheap land.

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the Oregon Trail?

1. It caused the displacement of thousands of Native Americans.

2. It was formed after the 1818 Rush-Bagot Treaty.

3. It started off as a road built by the government.

4. It was over 2000 miles long.

It started off as a road built by the government.

Which of the following defines Manifest Destiny?

1. The belief that England would one day regain control of North America.

2. The belief that the rich were destined to get richer.

3. The belief that America should expand across the continent.

4. The belief that America should police the western hemisphere.

The belief that America should expand across the continent.

How did John Quincy Adams's view on expansionism differ from that of most expansionists?

Adams was focused on expanding towards the entire continent, while most expansionists were focused on occupying the lands void of European settlers.

How do the views of William Walker on expansionism compare to those of John O'Sullivan?

Both of them believed in expansionism, but O'Sullivan originally came up with the concept of Manifest Destiny, while Walker used force to try and implement it.

Which was NOT a part of the Compromise of 1850?

1. California became a free state.

2. Utah and New Mexico would decide slavery by popular sovereignty.

3. Texas gained land from the eastern part of New Mexico.

4. The slave trade was abolished in Washington D.C.

Texas gained land from the eastern part of New Mexico.

How did the views of David Wilmot and John Calhoun on the expansion of slavery differ?

Wilmot was anti-slavery, while Calhoun was for keeping slavery in the US.

Why did many northerners protest against the Fugitive Slave Act?

Because it required them to help catch runaways.

Why was Stephen Douglas relevant to the legacy of Henry Clay in the 1850 Compromise?

Because he championed the act when Clay and other old leaders could not attend.

Why was California statehood controversial?

Because there was no slave state to add as a pair with it to preserve the balance.

How did the leak of the Ostend Manifesto in 1854 impact President Pierce's policy?

He decided to give up on the annexation of Cuba or potential military action against Spain due to strong public pressure.

How did the death of his son prior to his inauguration impact Franklin Pierce's policies?

It made him completely focused on the territorial and economic expansion of America.

Which of the following did the Gadsden Purchase of 1853 complete?

1. The lower 48

2. All 50 states of the United States

3. The Articles of the Confederacy

4. The original 13 colonies

The lower 48

What is most likely the message of this political cartoon?

1. Pierce was a weakling, incapable of pursuing his own agenda.

2. Americans were tired of hearing about the slavery issue.

3. The Democrats were responsible for the violence in Kansas.

4. Pierce was a hero, slaying his 'giant' opposition.

The Democrats were responsible for the violence in Kansas.

Why was Franklin Pierce selected as the Democratic nominee who eventually won the 1852 presidential election?

Because he was a northern man with southern sympathies and he was a brigadier general in the Mexican-American War.