APHG Unit #3 Vocabulary

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47 Terms

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Acculturation

The adoption of cultural traits, such as language, by one group under the influence of another

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Assimilation

the process through which people lose originally differentiating traits, such as dress, speech particularities or mannerisms, when they come into contact with another society or culture (usually a dominant one)

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Colonialism

the process by which one nation exercises near complete control over another country which they have settled and taken over

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contagious diffusion

spread of an. idea/trait/concept through a group of people or. an area equally without regard to social class, economic position, or position of power

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creole language*

languages formed by the combination of two or more languages E.g. Haitian Creole, Louisiana Creole

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Cultural Convergence

when cultures become more similar based on shared structures, values, and technology. It is facilitated by faster and more efficient communication and transportation, yielding what some would call time-space convergence

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Cultural Divergence

the tendency for culture to become increasingly dissimilar with passage of time

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cultural hearth*

a place of origin for a widespread cultural trend E.g. Hollywood, London

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cultural landscape*

Cultural attributes of an area often used to describe a place E.g. The Eiffel Tower

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cultural realm

a geographical region where cultural traits maintain homogeneity

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cultural relativism

Understanding a culture on its own terms rather than judging it by the standards or customs of one's own culture

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cultural taboos*

A restriction on behavior imposed by social custom E.g. showing the sole of your shoe to someone in Islamic culture

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cultural traits

The specific customs that are part of the everyday life of a particular culture, such as language, religion, ethnicity, social institutions, and aspects of popular culture

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Culture

a particular group's material characteristics, behavioral patterns, beliefs, social norms, and attitudes that are shared and transmitted

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Dialect*

A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation E.g. American versus British English

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Diffusion

the spread of people, things, ideas, cultural practices, disease, technology, weather, and. more from place to place

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Ethnic Enclaves*

a geographical area where a particular ethnic group is spatially clustered and socially and economically distinct from the majority group E.g. Chinatown; Little Havana

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ethnic religion*

religions which are related to a particular ethnic group, and often seen as a defining part of that ethnicity's culture, language, and customs E.g. Judaism and Hinduism

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Ethnicity*

identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth. E.g. Latino/a

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Ethnocentrism

The feeling that one's own ethnic group is superior

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expansion diffusion

when innovations spread to new places while staying strong in their original locations

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friction of distance

the notion that distance usually requires some amount of effort, money, and/or energy to overcome

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global/popular culture*

Culture that is not tied to a specific location but rather a general location based on widespread diffusion

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hierarchical diffusion

a type of cultural diffusion that occurs when influential structures in society encourage the adoption of certain new cultures or cultural aspects. Some of hierarchical diffusion's characteristics include: It spreads across social classes from top to bottom.

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Imperialism

Forceful extension of a nation's authority by conquest or by establishing economic and political domination of other nations that aren't it's colonies

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indigenous religions*

A religion that is native to a place or region E.g. Shintoism in Japan

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Isogloss

a boundary line between two distinct linguistic regions

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language branch*

A collection of languages related by a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago, derived from the same family E.g. Germanic branch

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language group*

A Collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary E.g. Spanish and Portuguese

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language family*

A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history E.g Indo-European language family

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lingua franca

A lingua franca is a common language used for economic, political, and/or cultural reasons that permits interactions between people whose native languages are mutually unintelligible

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local/traditional culture*

A group of people in a particular place, that share similar cultural traits, and see themselves as a community E.g. Navajo Tribe

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Multiculturalism

the view that cultures, races, and ethnicities, particularly those of minority groups, deserve special acknowledgment of their differences within a dominant political culture

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Neocolonialism

the control of less-developed countries by developed countries through indirect means.

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pidgin language*

often emerges when two or more languages coexist in a small geographic area. It involves the natural combination of two or more languages into one fluid and changeable dialect E.g. Hawaiian Pidgin

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Placemaking

the set of social, political and material processes by which people iteratively create and recreate the experienced geographies in which they live

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postmodern architecture

buildings that are visually pleasing to human beings and provide modern humans with a link to their past; often defined by boxy, glass and steel structures

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relocation diffusion

when people move from their original location to another and bring their innovations with them

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reverse hierarchical diffusion

diffusion from the many "upward" in a hierarchy to the few

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sequent occupancy

The notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape

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stimulus diffusion

A form of diffusion in which a cultural adaptation is created as a result of the introduction of a cultural trait from another place

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Syncretism

the blending of cultures and ideas from different places.

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traditional architecture

the look of housing, affected by the availability of materials and the environment the house is in

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universalizing religion*

offer belief systems that are attractive to the universal population E.g. Christianity, Buddhism, Islam,

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mentifacts*

The central, enduring elements of a culture expressing its values and beliefs, including language, religion, folklore, etc. E.g. religion

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sociofacts*

The institutions and links between individuals and groups that unit a culture, including family structure and political, educational and religious institutions E.g. education systems

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artifacts*

Any item, made by humans, that represents a material aspect of culture E.g. arrow heads