GenBio 1st Long Quiz

Zacharias Janssen (1580-1638)

in 1595 he invented the first compound microscope. His microscope can only magnified by between 3x and 9x.

Robert Hooke (1635-1703)

in 1665 he devised the compound to have a higher magnification of 270x and examined a slice of cork.

cells

Robert Hooke observed that the cork has a tiny compartment named it cellula which eventually became known as ____.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

In 1673 he is a Dutch microscopist who was the first to observe bacteria and protozoa. He used a handmade microscope to observe oral cavities, pond scum & discovered single-celled organisms and He called them “animalcules”.

Spontaneous Generation

an archaic scientific theory which stated that living organisms could arise from non-living matter and that such a process was regular in nature.

Abiogenesis

Proposes that the first life forms generated were simple and through a gradual process became increasingly complex.

Lazzaro Spallanzani (1765)

he suggested that microorganisms from air probably entered Needhams solutions after they were boiled. he showed that nutrient fluids heated after being being sealed in a flask did not develop microbial growth.

Matthias Schleiden

in 1838, a German botanist, concluded that “all plant tissues are composed of cells” and that an embryonic plant arose from a single cell. He declared that the cell is the basic building block of all plant matter.

Theodor Schwann

in 1839, a German biologist, reached the same conclusion as Schleiden about “all animal organism are composed of cells.” He pulled existing observations together into theory that stated:

1. Cells are organisms and all organisms consist of one or more cells.

2. The cell is the basic unit of structure for all organisms and that plants and animals consist of combinations of these structures.

Rudolf Virchow

in 1855, the German physiologist, physician, pathologist, and anthropologist, add a third part to the cell theory. He concluded that cells must arise from pre-existing cells. He stated the “Omnis cellula e cellula” that means "All cells arise from pre-existing cells”

Robert Remak

was able to see cell division in animal cells as early as 1844. However, many scientists at the time did not agree with him.

Francesco Redi 1668 expirement

Experiments disproving spontaneous generation wide-mouther jars containing a piece of meat

Louis pasteur

He demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air and can contaminate sterile solutions, but that air itself does not create microbes. His work provided evidence that microorganisms cannot originate from mystical forces present in nonliving materials. rather, any appearance of “spontaneous” life in nonliving solutions can be attributed to microorganisms that were already present in the air or in the fluids themselves.

two primary types of cells

Eukaryotic cell and prokaryotic cell

animal cells, plant cells, fungal cells, and protist

what are the 4 subtypes of eukaryotic cells?

Bacteria and archaea

what are the 2 subtypes of prokaryotic cells?

Organelles, DNA, RNA

what are the 3 things a cell contains?

oragnelles

a subcellular structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell, much like an organ does in the body. it is either membranous or non-membranous

cell wall

provides support and protection to the cell membrane

cell membrane

double layered, thin barrier, surrounding the cell to control entry and exit of certain substances

cytoplasm

the fluid that fills the cell

cytosol, organelles, and inclusions

3 types of cytoplasm

cytosol

liquid portion of the cytoplasm

Inclusions

chemical substances of cytoplasm

Glycogen, lipid droplets, melanin granules

3 subtypes of inclusions

Membrane-bound organelles

They include cell organelles that are enclosed by an outer

covering called a membrane. They control the substances

that enter or leave the cell. The membrane is a phospholipid and selectively permeable in nature. The inner structure may be filled with fluid.

nucleolus

dark spot in the middle of the nucleus that helps

make ribosomes. synthesize ribosomes

nucleus

largest organelle; control center of the cell;

nuclear envelope, nucleolus, chromatin

a nucleus consist of

nuclear envelope

double membrane structure containing pores

chromatin

threadlike material composed of DNA (genes) & proteins

endoplasmic reticulum

Made up of a number of flattened sacs called cisternae

function of endoplasmic reticulum

The internal delivery system of the cell. Synthesis of proteins,

carbohydrates, and lipids. Storage of synthesized molecules

and materials. Transport of materials within the

ER. Detoxification of drugs or toxins

rough and smooth ER

2 types of Endoplasmic reticulum

rough ER

Rough appearance because it has ribosomes

function of the rough ER

transport proteins that are synthesized in the ribosomes

Smooth ER

NO ribosomes

function of smooth ER

Synthesizes lipids and steroids

golgi apparatus

a cell organelle that helps process and package proteins and lipid molecules, especially proteins destined to be exported from the cell.

function of golgi apparatus

packages, modifies, and transports materials to different location inside/outside of the cell

function of lysosomes

to break down food into particles the rest of the cell can use and to destroy old cells

lysosome

known as suicide bags of cell because it contains digestive enzymes. it is an organelles. Christian de Duve coined the term “suicidal bags of cell” to explain it. If something burst, it will release digestive enzymes with digests all the cells. This leads to the death of cells. Hence, it is also referred to as “suicide bags of cell”.

mitochondria

double membrane structures; site of cellular respiration

(ATP synthesis) Contain their own DNA & RNA Able to replicate themselves

chromosomes

are threadlike structures made of protein and a single molecule of DNA that serve to carry the genomic information from cell to cell.

chloroplast

the site of PHOTOSYNTHESIS.

thylakoid and grana

chloroplast contains 2 separated membranes

vesicles

Membrane-bound sacs that are used to store or transport substances around the cell

vacuole

is a membrane-bound cell organelle. In animal cells, it is generally small and help sequester waste products. In plant cells, this also help maintain water balance. Sometimes a single vacuole can take up most of the interior space of the plant cell.

peroxisomes

organelles that sequester diverse oxidative reactions and play important roles in metabolism, reactive oxygen species detoxification, and signaling.

ribosomes, cytoskelen, centriole, cell wall

4 non-membrane bound organelles

ribosomes

makes proteins Found in all cells, prokaryotic and eukaryotic

ribosomes

dense particles of rRNA and protein

synthesize proteins that function within the cell

attached ribosomes

– synthesizes protein incorporated into cell membranes or exported outside the cell

microtubules, and microfilaments

types of protein fibers in the cytoskeleton:

Centrioles

are paired cylindrical bodies composed of microtubules Organize spindle apparatus (cell division).

stem cells

are special human cells that are able to develop into many different cell types. This can range from muscle cells to brain cells. In some cases, they can also fix damaged tissues. Researchers believe that this therapies may one day be used to treat serious illnesses such as paralysis and Alzheimer disease.

embryonic stem cells

Derived from embryos during early development. Pluripotent, meaning they can become almost any celltype. Used in research for their versatility but raise ethical concerns due to embryo destruction.

adult stem cells

Found in various tissues throughout the body. Multipotent, with a more limited differentiation potential compared to ESCs. Responsible for tissue repair and maintenance. Do not involve ethical concerns associated with embryos.

eukaryotes

organism with complex cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

animalia

multicellular organism that consume food, like humans and fishes

Plantae

multicellular organisms that make their own food like trees, and flowers

fungi

mostly cellular decomposers that absorbs nutrients, like mushrooms and molds

protista

mostly unicellular organisms that can be plant-like, animal-like, like amoeba and algae

animalia, plantae, fungi, protista

4 recognized eukaryotic kingdoms

prokaryotes

simple, unicellular organisms without a nucleus, including bacteria and archaea

bacteria and archaea

2 main kingdom under prokaryotes

bacteria

includes common bacteria like, E. coli, and cyanobacteria

archaea

includes extremophiles like methanogens, halophiles, and thermophiles

joseph lister

a British surgeon, medical scientist, experimental pathologist and pioneer of antiseptic surgery and preventive healthcare. Joseph Lister revolutionised the craft of surgery in the same manner that John Hunter revolutionised the science of surgery. known for his surgical sterile technique. he is the father of antiseptic surgery

robert koch

a german physician and one of the founders of bacteriology. he is best known for discovering the specific causative agents of tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax, which significantly advanced the field of microbiology.

germ theory

the theory that certain diseases are caused by the invasion of the body by microorganisms, organisms too small to be seen except through a microscope.

alexander fleming

a doctor and bacteriologist who discovered penicilin.