Neuro - cerebral cortex

At the junction between the forebrain and the midbrain there is a change in what

directional terms

Anterior forebrain

front of the skull

posterior forebrain

back of the skull

Ventral or inferior forebrain

towards the base of the skulls

Dorsal or superior-

toward the top of the skull

Cerebral Hemispheres (CH) sides

left and right

how many parts is the Cerebral Hemispheres (CH) composed of

three

what are the 3 parts of the cerebral hemispheres

cortical part, medullary region, nuclear parts

Cortical part

located externally and is composed of gray matter that have folded to form gyri (ridges) and are separated by sulci (grooves)

Medullary region

deep to cortical region and is composed mostly of white matter

Nuclear parts

embedded in the white matter of the medullary region are the caudate and lentiform nuclei (Basal Ganglia

Cortical Connections

Association fibers ——> occur from gyri to gyri (short) and lobe to lobe (long) of the same hemisphere

what are Short association fibers called

arccuate or loops

what are Long association fibers called

bundles

Commissural fibers

Connections that occur between the same area on both hemispheres

Corpus collosum

Runs through all lobes and connects frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes

Anterior commissure

temporal lobes

Brodmann numbers

a map of the cc that helps to locate functional area

Frontal lobe

1/3 of the entire cortex

what does the frontal lobe contain

Primary motor Premotor Frontal eye field Supplementary motor area

Prefrontal Broca’s speech

frontal lobe is primarily what

motor

where is the Primary motor area found

posterior part of the precentral gyri

how is Motor movement is represented

upside-down fashion lower limb/foot represented on top and the upper limb on the bottom. This is called the motor homunculus

what is it called when the upside-down fashion lower limb/foot represented on top and the upper limb on the bottom.

motor homunculus

lesions to the frontal lobe result in what

weakness to the contralateral aspect of the body

where is the Premotor cortex located

in the anterior portion of the pre central gyri

The premotor cortex helps plan

voluntary movement before it happens.

what does the premotor cortex work closely with

primary motor cortex, cerebellum, basal ganglia, and sensory areas to make movement smooth, purposeful, and coordinated.

If the premotor cortex is damaged what happens

A person may have trouble with motor planning, even if their muscles are strong.

Apraxia

difficulty performing learned movements on command

supplemental motor area

helps plan and initiate coordinated movement patterns, especially movements that require sequencing or both sides of the body working together.

The SMA helps the brain

plan, organize, and start movement

Bilateral

both sides of the body work together

Internally generated

the person decides to move without an outside cue

what does the The frontal eye field control

voluntary eye movement.especially fast scanning movements

The frontal eye field helps move the eyes on

purpose

saccades

quick eye movements

examples of Saccades

From one word to the next while reading

From the road to the speedometer while driving

From a patient’s face to their gait pattern during observation

Toward a sound or object of interest

Primary motor cortex main function

Executes voluntary movement

Premotor cortex main function

Plans movement using outside cues, such as reaching for an object

Supplemental motor area

Plans internally generated and sequenced movements

Frontal eye field

Controls voluntary eye movements

Broca’s motor speech area

the part of the frontal lobe that helps turn thoughts into spoken words.

Broca’s area does not directly do what

move the mouth

Broca’s motor speech area

creates the motor plan for speech, then sends information to the primary motor cortex, which activates the muscles of the face, mouth, tongue, and throat.

damage to the frontal lobe can cause what

Broca’s aphasia

what is Broca’s aphasia also called

expressive aphasia

Example of Broca’s aphasia

The patient may want to say: “I want to go home.” But it may come out as: “Want… home.”

Parietal Lobes

Primary Somatosensory area (S1) (3,2,1)

where is parietal lobe located

the post-central gyri

what does parietal lobe detect

touch, pain, temperature, pressure, vibration, proprioception

Secondary somatosensory cortex

a sensory processing area that helps the brain interpret and make meaning of touch information after it first reaches the primary somatosensory cortex.

primary somatosensory cortex, or S1

detects basic sensation.

secondary somatosensory cortex, or S2

helps interpret that sensation.

The gustatory area helps identify

the basic tastes

Gustatory area also helps connect taste with

smell, texture, temperature, and memory Pathway for taste

Taste information travels from

the tongue to the brain through cranial nerves

CN VII Facial nerve taste area supplied

Anterior 2/3 of tongue

CN IX Glossopharyngeal nerve

Posterior 1/3 of tongue

CN X Vagus nerve

Taste from epiglottis/throat area

Association areas are parts of the

cerebral cortex that help the brain interpret, connect, and make meaning from information.

The parietal association area helps with:

Body awareness

Spatial awareness

Knowing right vs left

Hand-eye coordination

Reaching and grasping

Attention to the environment

Understanding where objects are in space

Recognizing objects by touch

Integrating sensory information for movement

Association areas are parts of the

cerebral cortex that helps the brain interpret, connect, and make meaning from information.

The parietal association area helps with:

Body awareness

Spatial awareness

Knowing right vs left

Hand-eye coordination

Reaching and grasping

Attention to the environment

Understanding where objects are in space

Recognizing objects by touch

Integrating sensory information for movement

Association Area damage may cause

Poor spatial awareness Difficulty judging distance Difficulty reaching accurately Trouble recognizing objects by touch Difficulty dressing or grooming Trouble copying drawings Left/right confusion

Neglect, especially with right parietal lobe damage

what does the Temporal Lobe form

Forms ¼ of the entire cortex

2 main areas of the temporal lobe

Primary Auditory cortex, Association areas

Hearing is bilateral, so both side would have to be damaged to result in

hearing loss

Wernicke’s area

the brain area mainly responsible for understanding language

where is the Wernicke’s area located

dominant hemisphere, most often the left temporal lobe

Wernicke’s aphasia, also called

receptive aphasia.

Wernicke’s area example

The person may be asked: “How are you feeling?” They may answer:

“The window walked blue and dinner is running.” The speech sounds fluent, but it does not make sense. Word-soup in a polished bowl

Occipital Lobe contains what

Primary visual cortex Visual association areas

Certain function (i.e. motor control, sensation,) are represented contralaterally, Therefore, a lesion will result in a deficit on which side

the opposing side

Some areas are only represented on one side or the other (i.e. language-left) This hemisphere is known as the

dominant hemisphere

Left is generally: Understanding and production of

language, intellect, analytical thinking, logical, Controlled, mathematical, rational, positive emotions

Right side is generally

Nonverbal processing, artistic ability, sensory, emotion, nonverbal thinking, hand eye coordination, body image awareness, expression of negative emotions