History Unit 3 Review: 1945-1982

Which ethnic groups did Mackenzie King’s 1947 immigration policy prefer?

British, Americans, and Northwestern Europeans.

Why did Mackenzie King prefer British and Northwestern European immigrants?

He believed groups that spoke English would be easier to assimilate into Canadian society.

What was the third-largest group to immigrate to Canada during this period?

People from the Netherlands.

What changed in Canada's immigration policy in 1952?

Canada revoked the “enemy alien” immigration policy, allowed Italian and German immigrants to enter Canada.

Why did many immigrants come to Canada after WWII?

They were looking for new opportunities and wanted to rebuild their lives after the war.

Why did Canada need more immigrants after WWII?

Canada needed additional labour to support its growing economy due to consumerism

What was the experience of many immigrants in Canada?

Many faced heavy discrimination because of their ethnicity.

What did many Canadians fear would happen to the economy after WWII?

They feared another economic depression like the Great Depression of the 1930s.

What happened to Canada's economy after WWII?

The economy boomed, consumption increased dramatically, and fears of another depression disappeared.

What were branch plants?

American-owned manufacturing plants located in Canada to avoid Canadian import taxes and tariffs.

What industry commonly used branch plants?

The automobile industry, including companies such as GM and Ford.

What was the Auto Pact & when was it created?

A 1965 trade agreement between Canada and the United States that removed tariffs on many automotive products.

What products were covered by the Auto Pact?

Cars, trucks, buses, tires, and automotive parts.

What was the energy crisis of the 1970s?

A massive increase in the price of oil that caused economic problems around the world.

What was OPEC & what did it do?

The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, created in 1960 to coordinate oil policies and prices among oil-producing countries.

What event helped trigger the 1970s oil crisis?

The Yom Kippur War (Arab-Israeli War), following the conflict between the Israeli and Arab states.

How did OPEC respond to countries supporting Israel?

OPEC imposed an oil embargo on some countries that supported Israel.

How much did the price of oil increase during the 1970s oil crisis?

It rose from $3 per barrel to $12

What was the Quiet Revolution?

A movement to modernize Quebec's institutions and strengthen Quebec's French-speaking identity.

What institution had controlled Quebec schools before 1960?

The Catholic Church.

What did the Lesage government do during the Quiet Revolution?

It improved hydroelectric utilities and established the Quebec Pension Plan (QPP).

What was the Parti Québécois (PQ)?

A Quebec political party formed through the merger of René Lévesque's MSA and the Ralliement national.

When did the Parti Québécois first win government in Quebec?

1976.

What were the main goals of the Parti Québécois?

Greater political, economic, and social autonomy for Quebec.

What was Bill 101 & When was it created?

A 1977 law that established French as the official language of Quebec.

What was the October Crisis?

A 1970 crisis in which the FLQ kidnapped government officials and the Canadian government responded by invoking the War Measures Act.

Who did the FLQ kidnap first during the October Crisis?

James Cross, the British Trade Commissioner.

What did the FLQ demand for James Cross's release?

The release of 23 FLQ political prisoners and the broadcast of the FLQ manifesto.

Who was kidnapped after James Cross?

Pierre Laporte, Quebec's Minister of Labour and a senior cabinet member.

What did Pierre Trudeau do on October 16, 1970?

He invoked the War Measures Act.

What did the War Measures Act do during the October Crisis?

It suspended certain basic civil rights and liberties and gave the government expanded powers.

What happened to Pierre Laporte?

He was killed on October 17, 1970.

What did patriating the Constitution accomplish?

It transferred the authority to amend Canada's Constitution from the British Parliament to Canada.

Why did the Cold War begin?

The US and USSR had opposing political and economic ideologies and competed for military and nuclear supremacy.

What were the two opposing ideologies during the Cold War?

American Capitalist Democratic versus the Soviet Communist Dictatorship.

What was the arms race?

The competition between the US and USSR to build increasingly powerful nuclear weapons.

What does UN stand for?

United Nations.

Why was the United Nations created?

To help prevent future international conflicts and promote cooperation between countries.

What were four major goals of the UN?

Maintaining peace and security

Developing friendly international relations

Promoting international cooperation to solve problems

Encouraging respect for human rights.

What was the Gouzenko Affair and when did it happen"?

Igor Gouzenko defected from the Soviet Union to Canada in 1945 and revealed evidence of Soviet espionage.

Who was Igor Gouzenko?

A Soviet code clerk who defected to Canada and exposed Soviet spy activities.

What did Gouzenko steal from the USSR & What did he do with it?

Stole 109 documents exposing Soviet espionage and gave it to the RCMP and an Ottawa newspaper

Why was the Gouzenko Affair important?

It increased fear and mistrust of the Soviet Union and is considered by many to be an event that helped spark the Cold War.

What was the Korean War?

North Korea vs South Korea and the first major military conflict during the Cold War.

What was Canada's role in the Korean War?

Canada sent about 26,000 military personnel to provide land, air, and naval support.

How many Canadian military personnel died during the Korean War?

516.

What was the Suez Crisis & When did it happen?

A 1956 crisis that began when Egypt seized control of the Suez Canal from its British and French owners.

Which countries invaded Egypt during the Suez Crisis?

Britain, France, and Israel.

What did Lester B. Pearson proposed during the Suez Crisis

He proposed sending a UN troops to act as a buffer between the opposing sides.

Why was the Suez Crisis important to Canada?

It helped establish Canada's reputation as a supporter of UN peacekeeping and increased Canada's involvement in international affairs.

What was the first UN peacekeeping force created for?

To act as a buffer between the opposing forces during the Suez Crisis.

What was Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)?

The idea that if one nuclear power launched an attack, the other could destroy it in retaliation, discouraging either side from starting a nuclear war.

Why didn't the US and USSR use their nuclear weapons against each other during the Cold War?

The threat of Mutually Assured Destruction made a nuclear attack extremely dangerous for both sides.

What were the major achievements of the first wave of the women's movement?

Recognition as ‘persons’ gaining political equality

Getting the vote (women's suffrage)

When did the first wave of the women's movement begin?

During the period surrounding WWI.

What did the second wave of the women's movement focus on?

Greater economic and social equality for women.

What was the Royal Commission on the Status of Women & When was it created?

A commission created in 1967 that produced recommendations for improving equality and opportunities for Canadian women.

How many recommendations did the Royal Commission on the Status of Women make?

167.

What were some important recommendations of the Royal Commission?

Equal pay for equal work and protection against gender discrimination in employment.

What social changes resulted from the women's movement?

• Women delayed getting married and having kids to establish a career.

• Increased demand for daycares

• The right to maternity leave after pregnancy

• The right to return to those jobs after having kids

• Reproductive rights and access to contraception (birth control)

What changed for Indigenous peoples in 1951?

Laws banning Indigenous ceremonies were removed.

What political right did Indigenous peoples gain in 1960?

The right to vote regardless of their status or where they lived.

What important decision did the Supreme Court make in 1973?

It recognized that Indigenous land claims were a concept within Canadian common law.

What was the White Paper & When was it proposed?

A 1969 federal policy proposing to eliminate legal distinctions between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people and integrate Indigenous peoples into Canadian society.

Why was the White Paper controversial?

Many First Nations leaders strongly opposed it because they believed it would eliminate Indigenous rights and identities.

What happened to the White Paper?

Due to widespread opposition, it was withdrawn in 1970.

What was the DEW Line?

The Distant Early Warning Line, a system of radar stations designed to detect a potential Soviet attack from the north.

Why did Canada and the US build the DEW Line?

To provide early warning of a potential Soviet attack on North America.

When was the DEW Line completed?

1957.

Who paid for the DEW Line?

The United States.

What did Canada receive in exchange for helping build the DEW Line?

Canadian companies and workers were used for the project.

What was NORAD?

A joint Canadian-American command responsible for the air defence of North America.

What does NORAD stand for?

North American Air Defence Agreement

What was the Avro Arrow?

An advanced, high-speed Canadian jet aircraft designed to help defend North America against the Soviet Union.

Why was the Avro Arrow cancelled?

The project became extremely expensive and attempts to sell the aircraft/project to the US failed.

What was one major consequence of cancelling the Avro Arrow?

About 14,000 Canadian jobs were lost.

What was the Cuban Missile Crisis?

A 1962 Cold War confrontation caused by Soviet nuclear missile sites being built in Cuba.

How did the US discover the Soviet missiles in Cuba?

A US spy plane photographed missile sites under construction.

How did the US respond to the missiles in Cuba?

The US created a naval blockade around Cuba to prevent additional Soviet weapons from arriving.

What military alert level did Kennedy put the US on?

DEFCON 3 - The highest military alert level

When & how did the Cuban Missile Crisis end?

On October 27, 1962 Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev agreed to turn his ships around and remove Soviet missiles from Cuba.

What was the Vietnam War?

A Cold War conflict involving communist North Vietnam and anti-communist South Vietnam, with major US military involvement.

What was the Viet Cong?

South Vietnamese soldiers secretly working to support the communist National Liberation Front of North Vietnam

What was the Tet Offensive?

A series of major attacks by Viet Cong forces against US and South Vietnamese forces.

What was the My Lai Massacre & When did it occur

A 1968 massacre in which US soldiers killed more than 500 Vietnamese civilians in the village of My Lai

How did Canada respond to the Cuban Missile Crisis?

Prime Minister Diefenbaker initially hesitated to put Canada's military on DEFCON 3, but Canada eventually did so and agreed to support the US if an attack occurred.

How did Canada respond to the Vietnam War?

Canada did not support the war , and many Americans who avoided military service (draft dodgers) fled to Canada.

What were draft dodgers?

Americans who avoided military service during the Vietnam War, with many fleeing to Canada.