PSY100 - Ch 10 The thinking mind: thinking, language and intelligence

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64 Terms

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Flynn effect
the substantial and long-sustained increase in both fluid and crystallized intelligence test scores that were measured in many parts of the world over the 20th century
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intelligence
the human ability to use knowledge, solve problems, understand complex ideas, learn quickly, and adapt to environmental challenges
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Broca’s area
left frontal lobe
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Wernicke’s area
left temporal lobe, primary auditory cortex
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non-fluent/Broca’s aphasia
characterized by difficulty in producing speech. What the patient manages to produce is slow and effortful, but it generally makes sense. Some patients retain the ability to curse
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fluent/Wernicke’s aphasia
affects comprehension. Speech is rapid and fluent but virtually meaningless
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aphasia
the loss of the ability to speak or understand language, resulting from a head injury or stroke
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bilinguism/multilinguism
being fluent in 2 or more languages
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linguistic determinism
the concept that language and its structures limit and determine human knowledge or thought, as well as thought processes such as categorization, memory, and perception (strong form)
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linguistic relativism
some particular aspect of language influences some particular aspect of cognition (weak form)
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Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
the structure of a language determines a native speaker's perception and categorization of experience. (linguistic determinism vs linguistic relativism)
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cognition
Internal mental processes including information processing, thinking, reasoning, and problem solving
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analogical representation
A representation that maintains some of the characteristics of the real object (e.g., maps)
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symbolic representation
representations which do not correspond to the physical characteristics of actual objects (e.g., language)
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concept
An organizing principle derived from experience
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defining attributes/classical categorization models
objects are categorized according to a certain set of rules or specific set of features
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Issues with the defining attributes model
* Often exceptions are made


* Some attributes are more important for defining category membership than others 
* Some concepts appear to be better category members than others
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prototype model
a representation of a category formed by averaging all members of the category. Objects are categorized according to how closely they resemble the “prototype” (or best example) of the category
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exemplar model
a specific member of a category used to represent the category. Instead of a single prototype, all members of the category that we have encountered form the concept; we choose a specific example
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taxonomic categorization
 similarity of features between objects (Western)
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thematic categorization
relationship between objects (Eastern)
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analytic thinking
rule based (Western)
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holistic thinking
family resemblance (Eastern)
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deductive reasoning
moves from broad generalizations to specific observations, aiming to test an existing theory
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inductive reasoning
moves from specific observations to broad generalizations, aiming to develop a theory
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reasoning
using information to determine if a conclusion is valid or reasonable
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decision making
attempting to select the best alternative among several options
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maximizers
people who want the very best
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satisficers
people who want good enough
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algorithm
A precise, step-by-step set of rules that will reliably generate a solution to a problem
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heuristics
mental shortcuts or “rules of thumb” used to reduce the amount of thinking that is needed to make a decision
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availability heuristic
estimating the frequency of an event based on how easily examples of it come to mind
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representativeness heuristic
A rule of thumb in which stimuli similar to a prototype are believed to be more likely than stimuli that are dissimilar to a prototype
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recognition heuristic
A rule of thumb in which a higher value is placed on the more easily recognized alternative
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affect heuristic
A rule of thumb in which we choose between alternatives based on emotional or “gut” reactions to stimuli
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framing effects
refer to changes in the way information is perceived as a result of the way in which the information was presented (framing a decision to emphasize a negative or positive potential outcome)
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problem
A situation in which a current state is separated from an ideal state by obstacles
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problem-solving
The use of information to meet a specific goal
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mental set
A framework for thinking about a problem
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functional fixedness
A possible barrier to successful problem solving in which an object is considered only in terms of its most typical use (type of mental set)
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eugenics
the belief that selective human breeding can improve the genetic makeup of the human species, eradicating genetic defects and other undesirable characteristics
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psychometrics
A branch of psychology concerned with the objective measurement of mental abilities and other attributes
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intelligence quotient (IQ)
A measure of individual intelligence relative to a statistically normal curve
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general intelligence
A measure of an individual’s overall intelligence as opposed to specific abilities
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fluid intelligence
The ability to think logically without the need to use learned knowledge, relying on information-processing skills such as reaction time, attention, and working memory
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crystallized intelligence
The ability to think logically using specific learned knowledge
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normal curve
A frequency curve where most occurrences take place in the middle of the distribution and taper off on either side (bell curve)
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factor analysis
a statistical method that looks at how lots of different observations correlate and determines how many theoretical constructs could most simply explain what you see
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dysrationalia
the inability to think and behave rationally despite having adequate intelligence
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growth mindset
people believe their intelligence and talents can be improved through effort and actions
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fixed mindset
you believe intelligence, talent, and other qualities are innate and unchangeable
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sternberg’s theories on intelligence
intelligence results from information processing components being applied to experience for the purposes of adaptation to, shaping of, and selection of environments

* consists of analytical, practical and creative components
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successful intelligence
capitalizing on strengths, compensating for weaknesses; critical importance of adaptivity
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analytical intelligence
IQ tests, cognitive abilities
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practical intelligence
applying your knowledge to real-world settings
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creative intelligence
applying knowledge in novel circumstances
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Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences
promoted the idea that people can show different skills in a variety of different domains 
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emotional intelligence
the ability to understand and manage your own emotions, as well as recognize and influence the emotions of those around you
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morphemes
smallest meaningful units in a language, such as syllables or words
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phoneme
basic speech sounds in a language
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intelligence quotient
mental age divided by chronological age times 100
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mental age
in intelligence testing, the average cognitive ability displayed by people of a given age
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norm testing
standard used to compare an \n individual’s performance on a test with that of others
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entity theory of intelligence
the belief that intelligence is a fixed trait, a personal quality that cannot be changed