Studied by 15 people
Flynn effect
the substantial and long-sustained increase in both fluid and crystallized intelligence test scores that were measured in many parts of the world over the 20th century
intelligence
the human ability to use knowledge, solve problems, understand complex ideas, learn quickly, and adapt to environmental challenges
Broca’s area
left frontal lobe
Wernicke’s area
left temporal lobe, primary auditory cortex
non-fluent/Broca’s aphasia
characterized by difficulty in producing speech. What the patient manages to produce is slow and effortful, but it generally makes sense. Some patients retain the ability to curse
fluent/Wernicke’s aphasia
affects comprehension. Speech is rapid and fluent but virtually meaningless
aphasia
the loss of the ability to speak or understand language, resulting from a head injury or stroke
bilinguism/multilinguism
being fluent in 2 or more languages
linguistic determinism
the concept that language and its structures limit and determine human knowledge or thought, as well as thought processes such as categorization, memory, and perception (strong form)
linguistic relativism
some particular aspect of language influences some particular aspect of cognition (weak form)
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
the structure of a language determines a native speaker's perception and categorization of experience. (linguistic determinism vs linguistic relativism)
cognition
Internal mental processes including information processing, thinking, reasoning, and problem solving
analogical representation
A representation that maintains some of the characteristics of the real object (e.g., maps)
symbolic representation
representations which do not correspond to the physical characteristics of actual objects (e.g., language)
concept
An organizing principle derived from experience
defining attributes/classical categorization models
objects are categorized according to a certain set of rules or specific set of features
Issues with the defining attributes model
Often exceptions are made
Some attributes are more important for defining category membership than others
Some concepts appear to be better category members than others
prototype model
a representation of a category formed by averaging all members of the category. Objects are categorized according to how closely they resemble the “prototype” (or best example) of the category
exemplar model
a specific member of a category used to represent the category. Instead of a single prototype, all members of the category that we have encountered form the concept; we choose a specific example
taxonomic categorization
similarity of features between objects (Western)
thematic categorization
relationship between objects (Eastern)
analytic thinking
rule based (Western)
holistic thinking
family resemblance (Eastern)
deductive reasoning
moves from broad generalizations to specific observations, aiming to test an existing theory
inductive reasoning
moves from specific observations to broad generalizations, aiming to develop a theory
reasoning
using information to determine if a conclusion is valid or reasonable
decision making
attempting to select the best alternative among several options
maximizers
people who want the very best
satisficers
people who want good enough
algorithm
A precise, step-by-step set of rules that will reliably generate a solution to a problem
heuristics
mental shortcuts or “rules of thumb” used to reduce the amount of thinking that is needed to make a decision
availability heuristic
estimating the frequency of an event based on how easily examples of it come to mind
representativeness heuristic
A rule of thumb in which stimuli similar to a prototype are believed to be more likely than stimuli that are dissimilar to a prototype
recognition heuristic
A rule of thumb in which a higher value is placed on the more easily recognized alternative
affect heuristic
A rule of thumb in which we choose between alternatives based on emotional or “gut” reactions to stimuli
framing effects
refer to changes in the way information is perceived as a result of the way in which the information was presented (framing a decision to emphasize a negative or positive potential outcome)
problem
A situation in which a current state is separated from an ideal state by obstacles
problem-solving
The use of information to meet a specific goal
mental set
A framework for thinking about a problem
functional fixedness
A possible barrier to successful problem solving in which an object is considered only in terms of its most typical use (type of mental set)
eugenics
the belief that selective human breeding can improve the genetic makeup of the human species, eradicating genetic defects and other undesirable characteristics
psychometrics
A branch of psychology concerned with the objective measurement of mental abilities and other attributes
intelligence quotient (IQ)
A measure of individual intelligence relative to a statistically normal curve
general intelligence
A measure of an individual’s overall intelligence as opposed to specific abilities
fluid intelligence
The ability to think logically without the need to use learned knowledge, relying on information-processing skills such as reaction time, attention, and working memory
crystallized intelligence
The ability to think logically using specific learned knowledge
normal curve
A frequency curve where most occurrences take place in the middle of the distribution and taper off on either side (bell curve)
factor analysis
a statistical method that looks at how lots of different observations correlate and determines how many theoretical constructs could most simply explain what you see
dysrationalia
the inability to think and behave rationally despite having adequate intelligence
growth mindset
people believe their intelligence and talents can be improved through effort and actions
fixed mindset
you believe intelligence, talent, and other qualities are innate and unchangeable
sternberg’s theories on intelligence
intelligence results from information processing components being applied to experience for the purposes of adaptation to, shaping of, and selection of environments
consists of analytical, practical and creative components
successful intelligence
capitalizing on strengths, compensating for weaknesses; critical importance of adaptivity
analytical intelligence
IQ tests, cognitive abilities
practical intelligence
applying your knowledge to real-world settings
creative intelligence
applying knowledge in novel circumstances
Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences
promoted the idea that people can show different skills in a variety of different domains
emotional intelligence
the ability to understand and manage your own emotions, as well as recognize and influence the emotions of those around you
morphemes
smallest meaningful units in a language, such as syllables or words
phoneme
basic speech sounds in a language
intelligence quotient
mental age divided by chronological age times 100
mental age
in intelligence testing, the average cognitive ability displayed by people of a given age
norm testing
standard used to compare an \n individual’s performance on a test with that of others
entity theory of intelligence
the belief that intelligence is a fixed trait, a personal quality that cannot be changed
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