AP Chemistry Chapter 2 Review

law of conservation of mass

the total mass of materials present after a chemical reaction is the same as the total mass present before the reaction

law of multiple proportions

if two elements A and B combine to form more than compound, the masses of B that can combine with a given mass of A are in the ratio of small whole numbers

Dalton's atomic theory

each element is composed of extremely small particles called atoms

all atoms of a given element are identical, but the atoms of one element are different from the atoms of all other elements

atoms of one element cannot be changed into atoms of a different element by chemical reactions; atoms are neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions

compounds are formed when atoms of more than one element combine; a given compound always has the same relative number and kind of atoms

subatomic particles

what atoms are composed of

cathode rays

radiations created when a high voltage was applied to the electrodes in a tube

electron

a negative atom

radioactivity

spontaneous emissions of radiation

nuclear model

most of the mass of each gold atom and all of its positive charge reside in a very small, extremely dense region

nucleus

a very small, extremely dense region

electronic charge

1.602 x 10^-19 C

angstrom

1 A = 1 x 10^-10 m

atomic mass unit

1 amu = 1.66054 x 10^-24

atomic number

number of protons in an element

mass number

number of protons and the number of neutrons

atomic weight

masses of isotopes multiplied by relative abundance

periods

horizontel rows of the periodic table

groups

vertical columns of the periodic table

metallic elements

elements that are metals

nonmetallic elements

elements that are not metals

diatomic molecule

a molecule made up of two atoms

molecular compounds

compounds composed of molecules contain more than one type of atom

empirical formulas

chemical formulas that give only the relative number of atoms of each type in a molecule

ball and stick models

models that show atoms as spheres and bonds as sticks

space filling model

depicts what a molecule would look like if the atoms were scaled up in size

ion

a charged particle

cation

positive charged molecule

anion

negative charged molecule

polyatomic ions

atoms joined as in a molecule, but they carry a net positive or negative charge

ionic compounds

compounds combined of metals and nonmetals

molecular compounds 2

compounds combined of nonmetals

chemical nomenclature

system used in naming substances

organic compounds

contain carbon and hydrogen

inorganic compounds

do not contain carbon and hydrogen

organic chemistry

study of compounds of carbon

hydrocarbons

compounds that only contain carbon and hydrogen

alkanes

each carbon is bonded to four other atoms

alcohol

obtained by replacing an H atom of an alkane with an -OH group

isomer

compounds with the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms