IB HISTORY - Focus 17

plessy v. ferguson (1896)

"separate but equal" ruling; though facilities were almost never equal.

naacp

prioritized litigation for african americans and was created in 1909.

new deal

helped many impoverished african americans, without being specifically designed for them.

fepc

created by fdr under pressure from a. philip randolph at the threat of a march on washington; promoted equality of employment in defense industries.

roosevelt's black cabinet

by mid-1935, there were 45 african americans working in federal executive departments and new deal agencies.

dixiecrats

breakaway southern democrat party founded in 1948 that was racist.

truman's "to secure these rights speech"

called for an end to segregation and pointed out the hypocrisy of a nation that viewed itself as a beacon of liberty.

committee on government contract compliance (cgcc)

created by truman in 1951 to help decrease discrimination.

brown v. board of education of topeka (1954)

ended plessy v. ferguson, and caused the revival of the ku klux klan.

little rock, arkansas 1957

federal troops had to be sent in, albeit begrudgingly, by eisenhower in order to protect the admission of the first african american students to central high school.

browder v. gayle (1956)

declared that segregation on buses was unconstitutional.

civil rights act of 1957 and 1960

heavily diluted because eisenhower did not want to alienate southerners, but provided a precedent for civil rights in the us.

admission of james meredith

occurred under jfk; he had to be escorted to university by 500 marshals, and over a third of those officers were injured by a racist mob, so the national guard was required.

1962 administration literacy bill

would have allowed african americans with a sixth grade education to vote, but failed due to southern opposition.

ratings before and after jfk's civil rights bill

went from 60% approval rating to 44%; many felt he was moving too fast.

1964 civil rights act

ended de jure segregation.

1965 voting rights act

ensured that african americans could vote in the south.

1968 fair housing act

hard to enforce due to white opposition, and lbj could not do much to force compliance.

mayor daley

because he was a valuable political ally to lbj, he got to keep funding for segregated schools.

johnson's war on poverty

failed because us taxes were already very high due to the vietnam war.

griggs v. duke power company (1971)

showed that the government could rule in favor of affirmative action.

nixon's 1972 equal employment opportunity act

gave the eeoc set up by kennedy greater powers of enforcement.

bakke v. regents of the university of california (1978)

upheld affirmative action when a white man claimed reverse discrimination.

bill clinton and affirmative action

"mend it, don't end it;" he sought to keep this policy the norm in major companies and universities.

historian herbert klein (2003)

described bolivia as 'the most indian of the american republics' where spanish speakers are a minority and indigenous languages dominate.

cholos

bolivian mestizos or indigenous bolivians who are city dwellers or more prosperous farmers, speaking both spanish and an indigenous language.

chaco war

war between bolivia and paraguay in 1932 to 1935.

warisata 1928

a teacher training school that was also a center of indigenismo.

colonel german busch (1937)

some of his delegates proposed the abolition of forced labor on haciendas, but they did not gain support. he did, however, encourage indigenismo.

nationalist revolutionary movement (mnr)

established by victor paz estenssoro in 1941, was nationalistic and socialist, but initially silent on the indigenous question.

party of the revolutionary left (pir)

established by communists in the 1940s, was divided between internationalist, pro-soviet members and nationalist pro-indigent members.

revolutionary workers' party (por)

established in 1934, was the first to use what would be a popular slogan in the national revolution of 1952 and put indigenous problems and rights firmly on the political agenda.

major gualberto villarroel (1943)

led a group of reformist military officers in a coup, and in collaboration with the mnr, his government assembled over 100 indigenous leaders in bolivia's first national indigenous congress (1945), which discussed land reform and indigenous servitude and greatly increased indigenous consciousness.

national indigenous congress 1945

was more of a way to channel agitation over indigenous rights, removed indigenous leaders such as antonio alvarez mamani, and replace them with a government-appointed non-indigenous chairman of the congress.

waltraud morales (2010)

stated that the summoning of an indigenous conference was 'a provocative, indeed revolutionary, political move' in response to the formation of the 1945 national indigenous congress.

great uprising of ayopaya (1947)

several thousand people attacked haciendas until the armed forces crushed them.

national revolution (1952)

a successful working and middle class rebellion, with victor paz estenssoro becoming the nation's first revolutionary president.

when were bolivians allowed to vote?

in 1950 when a new electoral law abolished literacy tests and discriminatory property restrictions, raising the electorate from 200,000 to 1,000,000.

agrarian reform law (1953)

legalized peasant land seizures in bolivia. it restored the communal lands seized in the previous century, redistributing 24 million acres to 237,000 people by 1955, and 29 million to 289,000 others by 1970.

1953 educational reform

re-established the right to universal education for the indigenous population in bolivia.

confederacion nacional de trabajadores campesinos de bolivia (cntcb)

within months of the revolution, there were over 1000 peasant unions with 20,000 members in the department of cochabamba alone. by 1961, there were 7500 peasant unions in bolivia, all affiliated to the mnr.

general rene barrientos ortuno (1964)

signed the military-peasant pact of 1966, resdistributing land to the peasants, and was sympathetic to the bolivian indigenous population.

1966 military-peasant pact

promised land to indigenous bolivians so long as they supported the revolution, which made future generations of bolivians very conservative to the point that they even betrayed che guevara to the government.

1974 massacre of tolata

hugo banzer suarez killed over 100 peasants after 100 syndicates created a road block on cochabamba's main street in protest to rising food prices.

katarismo

bolivian movement to re-create aymara ethnic solidarity.

central obrero boliviano (cob)

national labor union set up in the early days of the revolutionary mnr government to represent the general voice of bolivian workers. controlled almost entirely by kataristas by 1981.

tupac katari revolutionary movement (mrtkl)

in 1981, leader genaro flores became the first indigenous peasant leader of the cob.

1988 peasant coca growers union

headed by evo morales, it sought to protect the rights of coca growers in bolivia.

movement toward socialism (mas)

also led by evo morales, it formed because of the alignment in goals between the peasant/labor movements and leftist parties. it gained significant representation in the national congress in 1989.

constitutional amendments law of 1994

bolivia was defined as a multi-ethnic and pluricultural society, and an independent human rights ombudsman was set up to monitor abuses.

1994 law of popular participation

devolved power to the localities, and established over 300 municipalities, among which were indigenous villages that now had their traditional governing units recognized by the government.

president banzer's "zero coca" policy

led to violent clashes that pitted the military against the coca growers and the powerful cochabamba-chapare unions.

water wars 1999-2002

occurred as a result of president banzer's privatization of the water facilities in bolivia, to which cochabamba residents revolted, and human rights organizations stepped in. the contract that privatized water and the zero coca policy were overturned by the next president, jorge quiroga ramirez.

evo morales

stood for the presidency in 2002, and was narrowly defeated, but won the presidency in 2005, becoming bolivia's first indigenous president.

evo morales called for:

• nationalization of bolivia's oil and gas reserves.

• an assembly to rewrite the constitution and give more rights and power to the 'original peoples.'

• a national referendum on regional autonomy.

• land redistribution.

why was the 2005 bolivian election called?

gas disputes brought la paz to a standstill, and 80,000 protesters fought against the police, encouraged by morales and quispe.

2006 constituent assembly's constitution

• enshrined the principles of the un declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples.

• increased indigenous rights in relation to land cultivation.

• gave indigenous populations more seats in the legislature.

• gave a judicial system based on customary law equal status to the established legal system.

• established self-governing homelands for 36 indigenous nations.

• introduced affirmative action.

jfk's inaugural speech

helped to mobilize the increased amount of students on issues such as war, racial prejudice, and poverty.

uc berkeley

experienced significant amounts of student radicalism, especially in response to the 1964 ban on political literature on campus, which resulted in an occupation where over 800 were arrested.

berkeley free speech movement

led by mario savio, helped to garner support for political literature on campus.

columbia university

in spring 1968, erupted into protests as it was not only supporting the government in vietnam but also building a segregated gym that encroached upon poorer neighborhoods. students once again occupied buildings and even held three officials hostage for an entire day before they were brutally removed by police.

1959 student peace union

had 3000 members in its third year of existence

1964 yale

students marched in new york and other universities participated in anti-war protests by holding teach-ins in 1965.

stop the draft week (1967)

• over 100,000 attended a march.

• many publicly burnt their draft cards.

beat generation

post wwii writers who rejected materialism and experimented sexually and with drugs.

hippies

young people (often students) in the 1960s who rejected the beliefs and fashions of the older generation, and favored free love and drugs.

haight-ashbury

in spring 1967, they announced a 'summer of love.' around 75,000 hippies visited here, which became a center of a bohemian lifestyle and was re-christened 'hashbury' because of the popularity of weed.

port huron statement

a 1962 statement drafted by the sds, sncc, and core along with the student peace union, and called on college students to change the political and social system, and to liberate the poor, the non-whites, and all enslaved by conformity.

new left

term used by sds to differentiate themselves from the communist old left of the 1930s.

yippies

radical student group that wanted to pit the politics of freedom and disorder against the machine-dominated politics of the democratic party at chicago in 1968.

1968 democratic national convention

in chicago was sabotaged by the mobe and yippies, organized by abbie hoffman, with over 30,000 new left-aligned attendees. they threatened to put lsd in the city's water supply and paraded a pig around as a future political candidate. in response to having bags of urine thrown at them, police initiated violence.

historian william chafe (2010)

described nixon's victory in 1968 as a 'watershed.' traditional us values had been reasserted

moratorium

in this context, suspension of normal activities to facilitate nationwide anti-vietnam war protests in 1969.

middle america

often felt ostracized with 84% in 1969 believing they should be prosecuted more brutally. students participated in 56% of bombings, set fire to banks, battled with police for the abolition of rotc in ohio, and set library books on fire.

kent state massacre

this particular protest was against the invasion of cambodia and resulted in the death of four and injury of 11 others at the hands of the national guard.

when did nixon adjust the draft?

in 1972.

chicago eight

In 1969, the nixon administration charged these new left leaders with conspiracy. among the eight were tom hayden of sds, abbie hoffman of the yippies and bobby seale of the black panthers. five were convicted by an exceptionally hostile judge, although their convictions were eventually overturned on appeal.

woodstock rock festival

over 400,000 attendees met at this event in new york state in 1969 with the slogan "make love not war" and was the deciding factor for a lot of middle america that youth protests and counterculture had gone too far.

altamont speedway 1969

california, not peaceful like the woodstock festival was as some died.

why did the new left dissolve?

a result of lacking sympathy from the government, the prominence of splinter groups, nixon had ended the draft with deradicalized some, and some instead chose to go to communes or religions.

1972 democratic national convention

the democratic party had reformed its nomination process for the 'maximization of participation,' so more delegates would be under 30 than ever before.

acid, abortion and amnesty

republicans smeared democratic presidential candidate george mcgovern as being in favor of legalizing lsd and abortion, and pardoning vietnam war draft dodgers.

nonconservatism

ideology combining traditional conservatism with greater faith in the free market.

historian j.m. bumstead (2007)

'revolution was in the air' in 1960s' canada, 'but it never quite arrived.'

1969 sir george williams university

students occupied for two weeks against racial inequality and canadian imperialism in the west indies; they caused several million dollars in property damage and nearly half of those arrested were black students from the caribbean.

front de liberation du quebec (flq)

associated with over 200 bombings/kidnappings between 1963 and 1970, they received sympathy from many french-canadians who felt discriminated against by anglo-canadians.

october crisis of 1970

the flq kidnapped two officials, murdering one, and in response the government declared martial law.

black united front (buf)

a canandian affirmative action organization that the government agreed to fund in response to youth protests.

summer 1968 olympics in mexico city

brought the nation to a breaking point as students supported fidel castro's overthrow of the repressive cuban government in protest to the mexican authorities as it increased expenditure for the event rather than to benefit the poor.

tlatelolco plaza massacre 1968

5000 students demonstrated in opposition to the military occupation of the national university. while disputed, many have come to the consensus that the students did not leave when asked and it became violent with at least 53 deaths, though it was estimated that there may have been over 500. around 2500 were wounded.

historian eric zolov (1999)

attributed student unrest in part to the british and US rock 'n' roll music, popular in mexico from the late 1950s. however, there is not much evidence to support that alternative music caused students to become radical; most activists were concentrated in coffee shops.