BIOL2230 Chapter 20: cardio and lymph

The white-footed mouse, deer, and deer ticks are important to maintaining the zoonotic transmission cycle associated with ______.

Q fever

Rocky Mountain spotted fever

Lyme disease

plague

babesiosis

Lyme disease

Symptoms of infectious mononucleosis include _______.

fever, severe diarrhea, pneumonitis, hepatitis, and retinitis

fever and pocks on skin

sore throat, fever, cervical lymphadenopathy, and splenomegaly

vesicular lesions in oral mucosa

sore throat, fever, cervical lymphadenopathy, and splenomegaly

The cyclic bouts of fever and chills in malaria are caused by _______.

red blood cell lysis

the timing of the viral life cycle

neurological involvement

white blood cell lysis

red blood cell lysis

Ehrlichiosis, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, dengue fever, and tularemia are all infectious diseases of the cardiovascular system. What feature do they have in common?

People with immune deficiencies are especially susceptible to these diseases.

The causative agent of each of these diseases is a bacterium.

They are all endemic in the mountain states in the western United States.

They are all transmitted by arthropod vectors.

They are all transmitted by arthropod vectors.

The symptoms that occur in cyclic 48- to 72-hour episodes in a malaria patient are _______.

fever, swollen lymph nodes, and joint pain

urinary frequency and pain, and vaginal discharge

chills, fever, and sweating

bloody, mucus-filled stools, fever, diarrhea, and weight loss

sore throat, low grade fever, and swollen lymph nodes

chills, fever, and sweating

At the blood donation facility, you are completing an information form. The form asks about your health history and includes a question about whether you have ever had malaria or visited a country where malaria is endemic. Why is this information relevant?

Malarial parasites can persist in the liver, and, as a result, could be contaminating your blood and transferred to a recipient.

If you are infected with malaria, you are probably also infected with HIV, and that would disqualify your donation.

This is just one of many pathogens that blood is screened for. The information given by the donor saves the staff time in testing the blood.

Recipients differ in their susceptibility to malaria; if you have had malaria, the staff will earmark your blood to specific kinds of recipients.

Malarial parasites can persist in the liver, and, as a result, could be contaminating your blood and transferred to a recipient.

Malaria may be prevented by ________.

using bed nets sprayed with insecticide

eliminating standing water

using genetically engineered mosquitoes

All of the choices are correct.

taking prophylactic drugs

All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following is not associated with sepsis?

Fever and shaking chills

Respiratory acidosis

Parenteral or endogenous transfer

Drop in blood pressure

Endotoxic shock

Respiratory acidosis

Which of the following statements regarding Bacillus anthracis is incorrect?

It is a gram-positive bacillus.

It grows primarily under anaerobic conditions.

It is capable of forming endospores.

Its reservoir includes grazing animals and soil.

A capsule and exotoxins are virulence factors.

It grows primarily under anaerobic conditions.

The most common causative agent of acute endocarditis is ______.

Streptococcus pyogenes

Staphylococcus aureus

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Epstein-Barr virus

Staphylococcus aureus

Brucellosis is _______.

an occupational illness of people who work with animals

treated with a 3-6 week course of antibiotics

seen in patients as a fluctuating fever, with headache, muscle pain, and weakness

All of the choices are correct.

diagnosed with serological testing of the patient's blood

All of the choices are correct.

Your 49-year-old mother has just been diagnosed with subacute endocarditis with the following symptoms: fever, a rash, and early congestive heart failure. You wonder how this infection occurred, particularly since she appeared to be healthy before this. Which of the following questions for her physician is most pertinent to understanding the cause of this infection?

Is this infection related to menopause?

Could she have contracted this from a mosquito bite, since she does so much gardening?

Could she have AIDS?

Does she have an abnormal heart valve or a murmur?

Does she have an abnormal heart valve or a murmur?

The causative agent of Lyme disease is ______.

Ixodes scapularis

Borrelia hermsii

Borrelia burgdorferi

Ixodes pacificus

Leptospira interrogans

Borrelia burgdorferi

Which of the following statements regarding sepsis is incorrect?

The Gram-negative cell envelope stimulates an inflammatory response that leads to endotoxic shock.

Both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria in the blood can induce sepsis.

A sample of blood plated on a variety of bacterial media is a good method to identify the causative organism in sepsis.

The presence of microbes in the blood results in increased viscosity, and a rise in blood pressure is a hallmark of sepsis.

The presence of microbes in the blood results in increased viscosity, and a rise in blood pressure is a hallmark of sepsis.

When bacteria flourish and grow in the blood stream, the condition is termed ______.

fungemia

viremia

sepsis

bactocarditis

sepsis

Hemorrhagic and nonhemorrhagic fever diseases have a common feature of a high fever. These categories of diseases are distinguished by _______.

the overall mortality rate, as hemorrhagic fevers have a much higher mortality rate

the integrity of the capillary endothelium and its ability to contain the blood

viral causes in hemorrhagic fevers and bacterial or protozoan causes in nonhemorrhagic fevers

the pattern of the fever, whether it is constant or varies with time

the viral load in the blood, specifically the viral titer

the integrity of the capillary endothelium and its ability to contain the blood

Endocarditis is often a consequence of bacteria attached to the heart valves. These microbes are not eliminated by circulating lymphocytes because _______.

lymphocytes cannot engulf microbes attached to tissue

lymphocytes do not circulate through the heart valves to detect the presence of microbes

Gram-positive microbes don't have an exotoxin surface molecule to trigger an immune response

these microbes become covered in platelets and fibrin which is not recognized as foreign by the immune system

these microbes become covered in platelets and fibrin which is not recognized as foreign by the immune system

Which type of hemorrhagic fever is also known as "breakbone fever" because of the severe pain in muscles and joints?

Marburg

Chikungunya

Ebola

Dengue fever

Lassa fever

Dengue fever

Which of the following is not true of bubonic plague?

A patient often has enlarged inguinal lymph nodes.

An infection can progress to septicemia.

It is caused by Yersinia pestis.

It is transmitted by the fecal-oral route.

A patient exhibits fever, headache, nausea, and weakness.

It is transmitted by the fecal-oral route.

The most important defense of the cardiovascular system against infection is ______.

lymphocytes in the blood

the blood-brain barrier

fever

lymph nodes

lymphocytes in the blood

Control of rodent populations is important for preventing ______.

Q fever

brucellosis

malaria

plague

plague

After a Drug Enforcement Agency raid on a location that housed intravenous drug users, several were brought to the hospital with rapid breathing, fever, and an altered mental state. Which of the following statements is correct?

Many drug users are HIV-positive, so the patients should all be monitored for levels of CD4 T-cells before any other action is taken.

Stained blood smears should be performed promptly to look for abnormalities in the blood cells.

Unsanitary conditions in the house probably resulted in infestations with insects, so it's prudent to examine them for insect bites that may provide a clue.

A broad-spectrum antibiotic is needed promptly, as they are likely to be in septic shock from intravenous introduction of microbes into the blood.

A broad-spectrum antibiotic is needed promptly, as they are likely to be in septic shock from intravenous introduction of microbes into the blood.

The presence of viruses in the blood is called ______.

viremia

septicemia

fungemia

hemovirus

viremia

Which of the following statements regarding the development of AIDS following infection with HIV is incorrect?

CD4 T cells are present in low numbers in an uninfected individual, but become elevated upon HIV infection, and ultimately fall to very low numbers (<200 cells/ml) as the infection progresses to AIDS.

Antibodies to HIV antigens formed in response to HIV infection appear within a few weeks of infection and remain high through latency and AIDS.

An HIV-positive individual in the latency phase can be distinguished from an uninfected individual by the presence of antibodies to HIV antigens in their blood.

Viral antigens can be detected at high levels in the blood within days following infection, then their numbers fall dramatically during a latent period and rise again when AIDS symptoms occur.

CD4 T cells are present in low numbers in an uninfected individual, but become elevated upon HIV infection, and ultimately fall to very low numbers (<200 cells/ml) as the infection progresses to AIDS.

Antibodies to HIV antigens formed in response to HIV infection appear within a few weeks of infection and remain high through latency and AIDS.

Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding subacute endocarditis?

It is caused by autoantibodies that inappropriately target heart and valve tissue.

It occurs exclusively in patients that have prior heart damage.

It can be caused by oral bacteria that are introduced to the blood by dental procedures.

Bacteria colonize previously damaged heart tissue resulting in biofilm growth.

It is caused by autoantibodies that inappropriately target heart and valve tissue.

Which of the following is mismatched?

Bartonella henselae - cat-scratch disease

Coxiella burnetii - Q fever

Yersinia pestis - plague

Rickettsia typhi - Rocky Mountain spotted fever

Bartonella quintana - trench fever

Rickettsia typhi - Rocky Mountain spotted fever

The cardiovascular system is highly protected from microbial infection because _______.

it is so close to the skin that even minor injuries could lead to major infection

failure to do so will result in a systemic infection

it is the only body system that has no normal microbiota

it is the only body system that is liquid-based, i.e., with blood

failure to do so will result in a systemic infection

Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding malaria?

Merozoites enter and multiply in liver cells.

Trophozoites develop in red blood cells.

The mosquito inoculates human blood with sporozoites.

Gametocytes enter the mosquito as she draws a blood meal from a human.

Merozoites enter and multiply in liver cells.

Which of the following is incorrect regarding Yersinia pestis?

It exhibits bipolar staining and appears to resemble a safety pin.

It produces an enterotoxin.

It produces coagulase as a virulence factor.

It has a capsule as a virulence factor.

It is a gram-negative rod.

It produces an enterotoxin.

The causative organism of malaria is a ______.

fungus

prion

bacterium

protozoan

virus

protozoan

Despite the aggressive defense of the cardiovascular system by the immune system, some microbes can invade and establish an infection in the blood. From the following list of microbes and their virulence factors, identify the mismatch.

Bacillus anthracis produces antioxidants to combat lysosomes.

Coxiella burnetii produces an endospore-like structure.

Borrelia burgdorferi changes its surface antigens to avoid immune recognition.

Trypanosoma cruzi cloaks itself in host proteins to avoid immune recognition.

Bacillus anthracis produces antioxidants to combat lysosomes.

Which of the following statements concerning Rocky Mountain spotted fever is correct?

Disease symptoms include fever, headache, and rash.

The causative bacterium is transmitted by Ixodes ticks.

An infection rarely has complications beyond mild discomfort.

Infections are seen in highest numbers in the Rocky Mountains.

Disease symptoms include fever, headache, and rash.

Lyme disease is transmitted by ______.

fleas

lice

ticks

flies

droplets

ticks

The gram-negative bacillus associated with abscesses from cat bites or scratches is _______.

Yersinia pestis

Salmonella typhimurium

Bartonella henselae

Francisella tularensis

Brucella suis

Bartonella henselae

Yersinia pestis _______.

does not respond to antimicrobial drugs

was virulent historically but currently circulating strains are not virulent

is usually transmitted by a flea vector

has deer as an endemic reservoir

is usually transmitted by a flea vector

Most cases of sepsis are caused by ______.

bacteria

prions

fungi

protozoans

viruses

bacteria

Erythema migrans, a bull's-eye rash, at the site of a tick bite is associated with ______.

ehrlichiosis

Rocky Mountain spotted fever

Lyme disease

plague

Q fever

Lyme disease