Studied by 9 people200 different cell types
How many different types of cell does the human body have
Firbroblasts
produce ( secrete) cable like fibers
Erythrocytes ( red blood cells)
Carries oxygen to the blood stream
epithelial cells
skin cells that packs together in sheets. Intermediate fibers resist tearing during rubbing of pulling
skeletal muscle
contractile filaments allow cells to shorten forcefully
Fat cells
Stores nutrients, lipid droplets stored in cytoplasm
White blood cells
Digests infectious microorganisms
Nerve cells (neuron)
Receives and transmits messages to other body structures
Intracellular fluid
Nucleoplasm and cytosol Solution containing gasses, nutrients, and salts dissolved in water
Extracellular fluid ( interstitial fluid)
Fluid on the exterior of the cell Contains thousands of ingredients, such as nutrients, hormones, neurotransmitters, salts, and waste products
selective permable
The plasma membrane is a ------------ barrier
Passive processes
substances are transported across the membrane without any input from the cell ( NO ENERGY REQUIRED)
Active process
the cell provides the metabolic energy (ATP) to drive the transport process.
Isotonic solutions
have the same solute and water concentrations as cells and cause no visible changes in the cell.
Hypertonic solutions
contain more solutes than the cells do; the cells will begin to shrink.
Hypotonic solutions
contain fewer solutes (more water) than the cells do; cells will plump
Vesicular transport
substances are moved across the membrane "in bulk" without actually crossing the plasma membrane
Exocytosis
bulk items are removed from a cell
Endocytosis
bulk items are brought into a cell
Phagocytosis
solids
Pinocytosis
liquids
Body coverings, body linings, glandular tissue
Location of epithelial tissue
protection, absorption, filtration, secretion
functions of epithelial tissue
Cover and line body surface Often form sheets with free surface, the apical surface, and a basel -scorched surface, the basement membrane. Avascular (no blood supply). Regenerate easily if well nourished
Hallmarks of epithelial tissue
free surface
Part of the epithelial tissue that is exposed to an open area (either the external environment or to the inside of a hollow organ).
basement membrane
Cells at the base of an epithelial layer are attached to this.
simple
one layer
stratified
multiple layers
Squamous
flattened, like fish scales (squished)
Cuboidal
cube-shaped, like dice
Columnar
shaped like columns
Simple epithelia
Functions in absorption, secretion, and filtration Very thin (so not suited for protection)
Simple squamous epithelium
Single layer of flat cells Locations - usually forms membranes Lines air sacs of the lungs Forms walls of capillaries Forms serous membranes (serosae) that line and cover organs in ventral cavity Functions in diffusion, filtration, or secretion in membranes
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Single layer of cubelike cells Locations Common in glands and their ducts Forms walls of kidney tubules Covers the surface of ovaries Functions in secretion and absorption; ciliated types propel mucus or reproductive cells.
Simple columnar epithelium
Single layer of tall cells Goblet cells secrete mucus Locations Lining of the digestive tract from stomach to anus Mucous membranes (mucosae) line body cavities opening to the exterior Functions in secretion and absorption; ciliated types propel mucus or reproductive cells.
goblet cells
secrete mucus
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
All cells rest on a basement membrane Single layers, but some cells are shorter than others giving a false (pseudo) impression of stratification Location Respiratory tract, where it is ciliated and known as pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Stratified squamous epithelium
Most common stratified epithelium Named for cells present at the free (apical) surface, which are squamous Functions as a protective covering where friction is common
Lining of Skin (Outer Portion), Mouth, and Esophagus
location of stratified squamous ep
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
Two layers of cuboidal cells; functions in protection
Stratified columnar epithelium
surface cells are columnar, and cells underneath vary in size and shape; functions in protection
Stratified cuboidal and columnar
Rare in human body Found mainly in ducts of large glands
Transitional epithelial
Composed of modified stratified squamous epithelium Shape of cells depends upon the amount of stretching Functions in stretching and the ability to return to normal shape Location: lining of urinary system organs
Glandular epithelia
One or more cells responsible for secreting a particular product
Endocrine glands
Ductless; secretions (hormones) diffuse into blood vessels Ex. include thyroid, adrenals, and pituitary
Exocrine glands
Secretions empty through ducts to the epithelial surface Ex. include sweat and oil glands, liver, and pancreas (both internal and external)
connective tissue
Found everywhere in the body parts, includes the most abundant and widely distributed tissues. It is used for protection, support and binding.
Characteristics of connective tissue
Variation in blood supply, some tissues are well vascularized and some have a poor blood supply or are avascular ( none)
extracellular matrix
nonliving material that surrounds living cells. there are two main elements.
Ground substance
mostly water along with adhesion proteins and polysaccharide molecules ( part of extracellular matrix)
Fibers
collagen, elastic, reticular ( part of extracellular)
Bone
Most rigid of connective tissue, composed of Osteocytes ( bone cells) sitting in lacunae( cavities), Hard matrix of calcium salts. Large number of collagen fibers. It is suppose to support the body
Cartilage
Less hard then bone, found in only a few places in the body. Chondrocyte (cartilage cell) is the major cell type
hyaline cartilage
Most widespread type of cartilage, Abundant collagen fibers hidden by a glassy rubbery matrix. It is located in the trachea, attaches to the ribs to the breast bone, and covers the ends of long bones, the entire fetal skeleton prior to birth and epiphyseal (growth) plates in long bones.
elastic cartilage
provides elasticity, supports the external ear
Fibrocartilage
highly compressible, forms cushion-like discs between vertebrae of spinal coloumn
dense connective tissue
main matrix element is collagen fiber, fibroblasts are cells that make fibers. Located in the tendons and ligaments and dermis
Dermis
Inner layer of skin
Ligaments
Connect bone to bone
Tendons
Connect muscle to bone
loose connective tissue
softer and have more cells and fewer fibers than any other connective tissue type except blood, types include areloar, adipose and reticular
areloar tissue
Loose soft more cells fewer fiber more cushion and protection
adipose tissue
Tissue that stores fat.
reticular
delicate network of interwoven fibers with reticular cells ( like fibroblasts) Forms stroma ( internal framework) of organs. Location in the lymph nodes, spleen and bone marrow
Blood (vascular tissue)
Blood cells surrounded by fluid matrix called blood plasma, Fibers are visible during clotting, Functions as the transport vehicle for materials ( wastes, nutrients and respiratory gases)
muscle tissue
contract, or shorten, to produce movement
skeletal muscle tissue
Voluntary muscle pulls on bones and causes body movements. ( straiations, multinucleate, long cylindrical shape)
cardiac muscle tissue
involuntarilly controlled, found only in the heart (one nucleus, striations, short branching cells, contains gap junctions to connect cells)
smooth (visceral) muscle tissue
involuntarily controlled, found in walls of hollow organs (stomach, uterus, blood vessels, etc) peristalsis (wave like), spindle shaped, 1 nucleus per cell, no visible stripes
tissues that are replaced largely with scar tissue
cardiac muscle and nerve tissue in the brain and spinal cord
tissue that regions poorly
skeletal muscle
regens easily
epithelial tissue, fibrous connective tissue and bone
Note
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