Anatomy: The Tissues/cells

200 different cell types

200 different cell types

How many different types of cell does the human body have

Firbroblasts

produce ( secrete) cable like fibers

Erythrocytes ( red blood cells)

Carries oxygen to the blood stream

epithelial cells

skin cells that packs together in sheets. Intermediate fibers resist tearing during rubbing of pulling

skeletal muscle

contractile filaments allow cells to shorten forcefully

Fat cells

Stores nutrients, lipid droplets stored in cytoplasm

White blood cells

Digests infectious microorganisms

Nerve cells (neuron)

Receives and transmits messages to other body structures

Intracellular fluid

Nucleoplasm and cytosol Solution containing gasses, nutrients, and salts dissolved in water

Extracellular fluid ( interstitial fluid)

Fluid on the exterior of the cell Contains thousands of ingredients, such as nutrients, hormones, neurotransmitters, salts, and waste products

selective permable

The plasma membrane is a ------------ barrier

Passive processes

substances are transported across the membrane without any input from the cell ( NO ENERGY REQUIRED)

Active process

the cell provides the metabolic energy (ATP) to drive the transport process.

Isotonic solutions

have the same solute and water concentrations as cells and cause no visible changes in the cell.

Hypertonic solutions

contain more solutes than the cells do; the cells will begin to shrink.

Hypotonic solutions

contain fewer solutes (more water) than the cells do; cells will plump

Vesicular transport

substances are moved across the membrane "in bulk" without actually crossing the plasma membrane

Exocytosis

bulk items are removed from a cell

Endocytosis

bulk items are brought into a cell

Phagocytosis

solids

Pinocytosis

liquids

Body coverings, body linings, glandular tissue

Location of epithelial tissue

protection, absorption, filtration, secretion

functions of epithelial tissue

Cover and line body surface Often form sheets with free surface, the apical surface, and a basel -scorched surface, the basement membrane. Avascular (no blood supply). Regenerate easily if well nourished

Hallmarks of epithelial tissue

free surface

Part of the epithelial tissue that is exposed to an open area (either the external environment or to the inside of a hollow organ).

basement membrane

Cells at the base of an epithelial layer are attached to this.

simple

one layer

stratified

multiple layers

Squamous

flattened, like fish scales (squished)

Cuboidal

cube-shaped, like dice

Columnar

shaped like columns

Simple epithelia

Functions in absorption, secretion, and filtration Very thin (so not suited for protection)

Simple squamous epithelium

Single layer of flat cells Locations - usually forms membranes Lines air sacs of the lungs Forms walls of capillaries Forms serous membranes (serosae) that line and cover organs in ventral cavity Functions in diffusion, filtration, or secretion in membranes

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Single layer of cubelike cells Locations Common in glands and their ducts Forms walls of kidney tubules Covers the surface of ovaries Functions in secretion and absorption; ciliated types propel mucus or reproductive cells.

Simple columnar epithelium

Single layer of tall cells Goblet cells secrete mucus Locations Lining of the digestive tract from stomach to anus Mucous membranes (mucosae) line body cavities opening to the exterior Functions in secretion and absorption; ciliated types propel mucus or reproductive cells.

goblet cells

secrete mucus

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

All cells rest on a basement membrane Single layers, but some cells are shorter than others giving a false (pseudo) impression of stratification Location Respiratory tract, where it is ciliated and known as pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Stratified squamous epithelium

Most common stratified epithelium Named for cells present at the free (apical) surface, which are squamous Functions as a protective covering where friction is common

Lining of Skin (Outer Portion), Mouth, and Esophagus

location of stratified squamous ep

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Two layers of cuboidal cells; functions in protection

Stratified columnar epithelium

surface cells are columnar, and cells underneath vary in size and shape; functions in protection

Stratified cuboidal and columnar

Rare in human body Found mainly in ducts of large glands

Transitional epithelial

Composed of modified stratified squamous epithelium Shape of cells depends upon the amount of stretching Functions in stretching and the ability to return to normal shape Location: lining of urinary system organs

Glandular epithelia

One or more cells responsible for secreting a particular product

Endocrine glands

Ductless; secretions (hormones) diffuse into blood vessels Ex. include thyroid, adrenals, and pituitary

Exocrine glands

Secretions empty through ducts to the epithelial surface Ex. include sweat and oil glands, liver, and pancreas (both internal and external)

connective tissue

Found everywhere in the body parts, includes the most abundant and widely distributed tissues. It is used for protection, support and binding.

Characteristics of connective tissue

Variation in blood supply, some tissues are well vascularized and some have a poor blood supply or are avascular ( none)

extracellular matrix

nonliving material that surrounds living cells. there are two main elements.

Ground substance

mostly water along with adhesion proteins and polysaccharide molecules ( part of extracellular matrix)

Fibers

collagen, elastic, reticular ( part of extracellular)

Bone

Most rigid of connective tissue, composed of Osteocytes ( bone cells) sitting in lacunae( cavities), Hard matrix of calcium salts. Large number of collagen fibers. It is suppose to support the body

Cartilage

Less hard then bone, found in only a few places in the body. Chondrocyte (cartilage cell) is the major cell type

hyaline cartilage

Most widespread type of cartilage, Abundant collagen fibers hidden by a glassy rubbery matrix. It is located in the trachea, attaches to the ribs to the breast bone, and covers the ends of long bones, the entire fetal skeleton prior to birth and epiphyseal (growth) plates in long bones.

elastic cartilage

provides elasticity, supports the external ear

Fibrocartilage

highly compressible, forms cushion-like discs between vertebrae of spinal coloumn

dense connective tissue

main matrix element is collagen fiber, fibroblasts are cells that make fibers. Located in the tendons and ligaments and dermis

Dermis

Inner layer of skin

Ligaments

Connect bone to bone

Tendons

Connect muscle to bone

loose connective tissue

softer and have more cells and fewer fibers than any other connective tissue type except blood, types include areloar, adipose and reticular

areloar tissue

Loose soft more cells fewer fiber more cushion and protection

adipose tissue

Tissue that stores fat.

reticular

delicate network of interwoven fibers with reticular cells ( like fibroblasts) Forms stroma ( internal framework) of organs. Location in the lymph nodes, spleen and bone marrow

Blood (vascular tissue)

Blood cells surrounded by fluid matrix called blood plasma, Fibers are visible during clotting, Functions as the transport vehicle for materials ( wastes, nutrients and respiratory gases)

muscle tissue

contract, or shorten, to produce movement

skeletal muscle tissue

Voluntary muscle pulls on bones and causes body movements. ( straiations, multinucleate, long cylindrical shape)

cardiac muscle tissue

involuntarilly controlled, found only in the heart (one nucleus, striations, short branching cells, contains gap junctions to connect cells)

smooth (visceral) muscle tissue

involuntarily controlled, found in walls of hollow organs (stomach, uterus, blood vessels, etc) peristalsis (wave like), spindle shaped, 1 nucleus per cell, no visible stripes

tissues that are replaced largely with scar tissue

cardiac muscle and nerve tissue in the brain and spinal cord

tissue that regions poorly

skeletal muscle

regens easily

epithelial tissue, fibrous connective tissue and bone