ANTHROPOLOGY MEGA QUIZLET!

hominoid

• superfamily: hominoidea

• includes: lesser and great apes

hominid

• family: hominidea

• includes: humans, their fossils ancestors, Pan (Chimpanzee), Pongo (Orangutan) and Gorilla

hominin

• tribe: hominini

• includes: humans and their fossil ancestors

biases in the fossil record

• sampling errors

• differential preservation - only a handful of organisms that die are in the right condition to be fossilized

• taphonomic conditions (size and makeup of animals)

• gaps in the fossil record

anagenesis

• gradualism (straight line evolution)

• lineage gradually changes over time

cladogenesis

• punctuated equilibrium

• split into two distinct species

• ex: new areas/environmental change

gradualism

• small changes over generations

• transitional forms (mix of ancestral and primate characteristics)

punctuated equilibrium

• long periods of stasis, short periods of rapid change

• no transitional forms

relative dating

• comparatively younger and older

absolute dating

• exact age in years

stratigraphy

• relative dating method

• analyzing the sequence of rock layers (strata) to determine relative ages.

law of superposition

lower (bottom) stratum older than higher (top) stratum

fluorine analysis

• relative dating method

• fluorine builds up, exposure to groundwater

• more fluorine = older fossil

• occurs slowly

• only used on fossils from the same area

• can’t compare different sites

faunal correlation/biostratigraphy

• relative dating method

• trata from multiple locations compared

• index fossils - fossils that have a wide geographical distribution but existed for a short period of time (identifies stratigraphy/time lines) → both absolute and relative dating methods

thermoluminescene

• absolute dating method

• electron release associated with heating crystalline rock

dendrochronology

• tree ring dating

radioactive decay: carbon-14 (radio carbon)

• absolute dating method

• method used to determine the age of organic materials (once-living things) by measuring the amount of a radioactive isotope of carbon, carbon-14 (14C), remaining in the sample

• determines half life (amount of time it takes for half of the unstable isotope to decay into the stable isotope): 5730 years

• reliable ~ 50 KYA

radioactive decay - argon

• absolute dating method

• determines the age of geological materials, particularly volcanic rocksK/Ar dating (^40K decays into ^40Ar or ^40Ar decays into ^39Ar)

• Half life: 1.3 MY

• Fossils: 100+ KYA

cenozoic era

65 MYA - present

tertiary period

65 MYA - present

paleocene

65-53 MYA

eocene

53-25 MYA

oligocene

35-23 MYA

miocene

25-5 MYA

pliocene

5- 1.8 MYA

pleistocene

1.8 MYA - 10 KYA

holocene

10 KYA - present

arboreal hypothesis

primates emerged due to adaptations to life in trees

visual predation hypothesis

primates emerged due to hunting in trees

angiosperm radiation hypothesis

primates emerged due to fruit eating n trees

paleozoic era significance

first vertebrates: 500 MYA

mesozoic era significance

placental mammals: 70 MYA

cenozoic era significance

mammals diverge: 65 MYA

era with first appearance of primates

paleocene (65 MYA)

primates associated with paleocene

• infraorder plesiadapiforms (Carpolestes, Purgatoriidae, Palaechthonidae, Paromomyidae, Picrodontidae, Plesiadapidae)

infraorder plesiadpiforms

• proprimates (early primate ancestors)

• similar to modern primates

• primitive traits: no postorbital bar/convergent eyes, lacked opposability and retained claws, small brain and specialized rodent like teeth)

• ~ 60 MYA: Western North America, Europe

carpolestes

• wyoming (58 MYA): tropical forest

• primate features: grasping feet, nails

• proprimate features: claws, nonconvergent eyes

eocene primates

• euprimates (earliest true primates)

• adapids, omomyids, basal anthropoids

• primitive traits: nails, grasping hands and feet, opposable thumbs and toes, reduced olfaction, increased vision (postorbital bars), larger brains

omomyids

• tarsiers

• traits: short face, V-shaped lower jaw, large eye orbits, long legs

• nocturnal

• vertical clinger and leaper

adapids

• lemurs and lorises

• traits: dental comb, long legs and tails, grasping feet

• diurnal

• vertical clinger and leaper

basal anthropoids

• eosimias (china 45-40 MYA): short heel, anthropoid like teeth

• biretia (egypt 37 MYA): teeth anthropoid like

oligocene primates

- early anthropoids

• parapithecids (adium)

• oligopoithecids (basal anthropoids)

  • early catarhhines

• aegytopithecus

• saadinus

• primate traits: post orbital plate, expanded brain, 2.1.2.3, sexual dimorphism

• generalized arboreal quadrupeds

• larger body sizes

aegytopithecus

• ancestral to old world monkeys and apes

• arboreal quadrupeds

• early catarrhine

• 35- 55 MYA

saadinus

• precedes old world monkeys and ape split

• early catarrhine

• 29 - 28 MYA

mioecene primates

• proconsulids, dryopithecids, sivapithecids, gigantopithecus, african apes (ouranopithecus, nakalipithecus, choropatihecus, simiolus mintus)

• apes

• HOMINOIDS!

• traits: large complex brains, generalized skeletons, generalized dentition (y-5 molars, frugivores/folivores)

first old world monkey

kenya (15 MYA)

pronconsulids

• 22-17 MYA

• primitive traits: v shaped lower jaw, longer legs

• hominoid traits: y-5 molars, sectorial premolar, frugivore molar, no tail

dryopithecids

• 18-15 MYA

• europe

• expansion OUT of africa

• proconsular teeth

• modern ape bodies (suspensory behavior)

apes in asia

• sivapithecids

• gigantopithecus

sivapithecids

• 12-8 MYA

• arboreal quadruped?

• orangutan like skull

• proconsulid like body

gigantopithecus

• 8-5 MYA

• largest known

african apes

• occurred in late miocene

• cooling and drying trend → grasslands and woodlands appear

• ouranopithecus

• nakipithecus

• chorapithecus

• last common ancestor? (11-10 MYA)

similous mintus

• small bodied ape

• folivore

• 12.5 MYA

pliocene - description

• 5 - 1.8 MYA

• earliest definite hominins

• diversification of old world monkeys

• dramatic loss of hominoid diversity

pleistocene - description

• 1.8-10 KYA

• modern non human primates

• modern humans and other hominins

maybe primates, maybe not

paleocene

age of prosimians

eocene

age of monkeys

oligocene

age of apes

miocene

age of hominins

plio-pleistocene

modern day

holocene

human’s last common ancestor epoch

mioecene

plesiadapiforms

• archaic primates or primate like placental mammals

anthropoids

• monkeys, apes, humans

plesimorphic

having features shared by different groups with a common ancestor/ancestral traits

Hominins vs Apes

• obligate bipeds

• reduced canines

• flat faces

• larger brains

earliest hominins

• sahelanthropus tchadensis, orrorin tugenesis, ardipithecus ramidus, keyanthropus platyops

sahelanthropus tchadensis

• chad, africa 7-6 MYA

• 350 cc, foramen magnum, prominent brow ridges, small canines

• earliest hominiin

• “toumai” fossil

orrorin tugenesis

• tugen hills, kenya: 6 MYA

• thick enamel, large canines, femur at a neck angle

ardipithecus ramidus

• ethiopia: 4.4 MYA

• numerous fossils

• fairly complete “ardi” skeleton

• opposable hallux, upper limbs, thin molar enamel, small canines, anterior foramen magnum

kenyanthropus platyops

• kenya: 3.5 MYA

• small canines, thick enamel, flat face

• contemporaneous with australopithecus

hominin timeframe

mioecne - pliocene (6-2.6 mya)

robust

paranthropus/robust australopith

gracile

australopithecus

robust/gracile divisions represent

chewing adaptations

paranthropus and australopithecus

• 4-1 MYA

• primitive traits: ape like skull and body size, small cranial capacity

• bipedal

paranthropus

• paranthropus aethiopicus, boisei, robustus

• east and south africa

• 2.8-1 MYA

• no evidence of tools

• high degree of sexual dimorphism

• coexisted with gracile forms and early Homo

paranthropus traits

• 4-5 feet tall

• 450-550 cc

• omnivores with fall back foods

• megadontia (large molars/premolars), thick molar enamel, non projecting canines

pananthropus aethiopicus

• black skull

• west lake turkana, kenya

• 2.5 MYA

• 410 cc

• ancestral to other paranthropus

paranthropus boisei

• “nutcracker man”/”zinj

• olduvai gorge,tanzania

• 1.75 mya

• 500-559 cc

• larger cheek teeth, flatter skull, larger brain, thickest enamel

• first to use stone tools?

paranthropus robustus

• kromdraai, south africa

• 2-1.2 mya

• large teeth, adapted to dry enviroment, sexual dimorphism

australopithecus

• afarensis, africanus, garhi, sediba

• evolved into homo, coexisted with robust forms and early homo

• east and south africa

• 4.2-1.8 MYA

• mostly vegetarian

• high degree sexual dimorphism

• 400-500 cc (smaller brains)

• small bodies

• moderately large molars, intermediate dental arcade

• bipedal and arboreal

australopithecus africanus

• south africa

• 400-500 cc

• small dull canines

• farmen magnum

• taung child (2.8 MYA)

• mrs. ples (2.5-2.1 MYA)

australopithecus afrarenis

• ethiopia

• small canines, bipedal, curved fingers

• 430 cc

• lucy: 3.2 MYA (1 meter tall)

• Dikika Child/Lucy’s Child/Selam: complete skeleton

laetoli footprints

• tanzania

• 3.6 MYA

• volcanic sediments show bipedal locomotion of Australopithecus Afrarensis (3 individuals)

Australopithecus tool use

• fossilization

• dikika: cut marks (naturally sharp rocks, scavenged for meat)

• paranthropus boisei found near stone tools

australopithecus garhi

• 2.5 MYA

• link betweem australopithecus afrarensis and homo

• awash and ethiopia

australopithecus sediba

• malapa cave, south africa

• ~ 2 MYA

• 420-450 cc

• bipedal

• mosiac features (transitional species between australopithecus africanus and homo)

piltdown man

• 1912, evolutionary link between apes and humans

• FRAUD

bipedalism

maintaining balance on the stance leg while in swing

habitual bipedalism

bipedalism as a primary and most efficient form of locomotion (hominins)

obligate bipedalism

committed to bipedalism, cannot locomote efficiently any other way (humans)

anatomical adaptations to bipedalism

• changes in foramen magnum position

• changes in vertebral column, thorax, hip, femur tibia, and foot

foramen magnum - humans

anterior posture (front)

foramen magnum - non human apes

posterior position (back)

back and thorax - human

s-shaped spine, barrel shaped chest

back and thorax - non human apes

c-shaped spine, funnel shaped chest

pelvic shape - humans

shorter and broader, bowl shaped, stabilizes weight distribution

pelvic shape - non human ape

long narrow pelvis, positioned along lower spine

abductor muscles - humans

gluteus medium and minimus (stabilizes leg)